用Valgrind检测PostgreSQL内存泄露

Valgrind简介

Valgrind是一个开源工具集合，其中最有名的是Memcheck可用来检测C，C++程序的内存泄露，判断程序运行是否会crash或者产生不可预知的结果。

Valgrind Memcheck工具的用法

以下内容参考自Valgrind的quick start manual
http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html

1. 首先需要准备程序，注意程序编译时必须打开DEBUG，gcc -g参数。同时建议使用-O0编译，以免编译器优化代码后Valgrind无法给出实际的代码位置。
2. 如果你的程序是这样运行的

   myprog arg1 arg2
   

   使用 valgrind 这样运行

   Valgrind --leak-check=yes myprog arg1 arg2
   The --leak-check option turns on the detailed memory leak detector
   

3. 例子
   需要跟踪的程序代码
   这部分代码将有两处错误可以被检测到

   #include <stdlib.h>
   
   void f(void)
   {
    int x = malloc(10  sizeof(int));
    x[10] = 0;        // problem 1: heap block overrun
   }                        // problem 2: memory leak -- x not freed
   
   int main(void)
   {
    f();
    return 0;
   }
   

   跟踪到的结果及解释
   第一个错误 heap block overrun

   ==19182== Invalid write of size 4  # 错误类型，一次越界写产生的invalid write
   ==19182==    at 0x804838F: f (example.c:6)   # 下面是进程的stack trace
   ==19182==    by 0x80483AB: main (example.c:11)
   ==19182==  Address 0x1BA45050 is 0 bytes after a block of size 40 alloc'd    # 描述产生错误的内存地址
   ==19182==    at 0x1B8FF5CD: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:130)
   ==19182==    by 0x8048385: f (example.c:5)
   ==19182==    by 0x80483AB: main (example.c:11)
   19182表示PID
   

   第二个错误，内存泄露

   ==19182== 40 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1  # 错误类型，产生内存泄露
   ==19182==    at 0x1B8FF5CD: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:130)  # 请忽略该系统调用
   ==19182==    by 0x8048385: f (a.c:5)  # 这里是产生错误的根源
   ==19182==    by 0x80483AB: main (a.c:11)
   

   产生内存泄露的类型非常多，最常见的两种

   "definitely lost": your program is leaking memory -- fix it!  必须fix的
   "probably lost": your program is leaking memory, unless you're doing funny things with pointers (such as moving them to point to the middle of a heap block).   需要关注的，做一些操作时才会触发。
   

   如果报了一些未初始化值(uninitialised values)的错误，则需要给valgrind加--track-origins=yes参数，输出更详细的信息来分析。

如何检测PostgreSQL内存泄露

首先需要安装valgrind以及开发包

yum install -y valgrind valgrind-devel

PostgreSQL 9.4开始，内核层面支持valgrind。
编译前需要改一下头文件。

src/include/pg_config_manual.h

把#define USE_VALGRIND的注释去掉

/*
 * Include Valgrind "client requests", mostly in the memory allocator, so
 * Valgrind understands PostgreSQL memory contexts.  This permits detecting
 * memory errors that Valgrind would not detect on a vanilla build.  See also
 * src/tools/valgrind.supp.  "make installcheck" runs 20-30x longer under
 * Valgrind.  Note that USE_VALGRIND slowed older versions of Valgrind by an
 * additional order of magnitude; Valgrind 3.8.1 does not have this problem.
 * The client requests fall in hot code paths, so USE_VALGRIND also slows
 * native execution by a few percentage points.
 *
 * You should normally use MEMORY_CONTEXT_CHECKING with USE_VALGRIND;
 * instrumentation of repalloc() is inferior without it.
 */
#define USE_VALGRIND

/*
 * Define this to check memory allocation errors (scribbling on more
 * bytes than were allocated).  Right now, this gets defined
 * automatically if --enable-cassert or USE_VALGRIND.
 */
#if defined(USE_ASSERT_CHECKING) || defined(USE_VALGRIND)
#define MEMORY_CONTEXT_CHECKING
#endif

编译参数

CFLAGS=-O0 ./configure --prefix=/home/digoal/pgsql9.5 --enable-debug
gmake world -j 32
gmake install-world -j 32

确认编译正确

$ pg_config

得到如下结果

CFLAGS = -Wall -Wmissing-prototypes -Wpointer-arith -Wdeclaration-after-statement -Wendif-labels -Wmissing-format-attribute -Wformat-security -fno-strict-aliasing -fwrapv -fexcess-precision=standard -g -O0

启用Valgrind调试PostgreSQL

初始化数据库集群，配置数据库配置文件等，略。
使用 Valgrind启动数据库(需要指定PostgreSQL源码中的src/tools/valgrind.supp，这个文件是按照Valgrind提供的格式写的，有兴趣可以研究一下它的内容)

$ cd postgresql-9.5.3_src/

$ valgrind --leak-check=yes --gen-suppressions=all \
    --suppressions=src/tools/valgrind.supp --time-stamp=yes \
    --log-file=/tmp/%p.log --trace-children=yes \
    --track-origins=yes --read-var-info=yes \
    --show-leak-kinds=all -v \
    postgres --log_line_prefix="%m %p " \
    --log_statement=all --shared_buffers=4GB 2>&1 | tee /tmp/postmaster.log

启动会非常慢，等待它启动完成。

Valgrind的参数略
Valgrind --help

regresstest模式

另外开启一个会话

cd postgresql-9.5.3_src
make installcheck

观察 --log-file=/tmp/%p.log 日志

用户定制调试

另外开启一个会话
查询backend pid

select * from pg_backend_pid();

输入需要测试的SQL

观察pid对应的 --log-file=/tmp/%p.log 日志

小结

参考

• http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/quick-start.html
• https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Valgrind
• http://windmissing.github.io/linux/2016-02/valgrind-memcheck.html
• http://www.cnblogs.com/napoleon_liu/articles/2001802.html
• http://blog.chaorenmao.com/?p=831