ubuntu12.04下使用android emulator,启用kvm加速,模拟i8254定时器的代码比较旧,对应于qemu0.14或者之前的版本,这时还没有QOM(qemu object model)模型,虚拟设备的代码是比较简单的。
玩虚拟设备之前,首先得搞明白真实设备怎么玩,有篇文档:http://blog.csdn.net/u013007900/article/details/50408903,看不太明白就再看看计组和哈工大出版的C语言测控,以前上课用的这个。
8254使用的端口时0x40~0x43,共计4个8bit端口,输入时钟频率1193kHZ,使用IRQ0,对应中断向量表中的INT 8。怎么对应,看http://www.360doc.com/content/09/1017/08/128139_7395798.shtml和http://blog.csdn.net/duguteng/article/details/7552774。
8259主片的IRQ0~7对应INT 8~INT F,从片的IRQ8~IRQ15对应INT 70~INT 77。
有份以前上C语言测控时写的代码,使用了8254的,输入采样周期(in ms)和采样次数,每次采样时打印一个'8'。
注意定时器的最大周期比较短,大约55ms,所以需要使用软件方式扩大定时器的周期,注意周期不是10ms的倍数时的特殊处理。
定时器0工作于模式3,方波发生器。用学硬件的话来说,就是自动重装定时器;用学软件的话来说,就是周期定时器,不是oneshot的。
/* C语言测控程序设计 * 2012年3月29日 * 系统XP sp3,编译器:TC3.0,编辑器:VIM7.3 * */ #include <stdio.h> #include <dos.h> #include <graphics.h> #include <math.h> #include <string.h> /*参数*/ float gfT; //采样周期 long glN; //采样次数 int giFlag; //标记时间到 long glUserCnt; //已采样次数 int giTimerN; //采样周期除以10ms int giTimerSmallValue; //采样周期模10ms后,对应的定时器初值 int giTimerCnt; //定时器中断次数 void LoadConfig(void); //读取配置文件 void interrupt (*OldIsr08)(void); //原先的中断函数指针 void interrupt MyIsr08(void); //自定义的中断函数 void TimerInit(void); //定时器初始化函数 void TimerExit(void); //定时器恢复函数 void UserTimerIsr(void); //每个采样周期都会调用的函数 int main() { /*读取配置*/ LoadConfig(); /*初始化*/ TimerInit(); while((glUserCnt < glN) || (glN == 0)) { if(kbhit()) //特定按键退出 { if(getch() == ' ') break; } if(giFlag) { giFlag = 0; putchar('8'); } } /*恢复定时器和dos界面*/ TimerExit(); printf("\nthe times of interrupt is: %ld\n",glUserCnt); getch(); return 0; } /*定时器中断函数,每到用户设定的时间,调用一次UserTimerIsr()*/ void interrupt MyIsr08(void) { giTimerCnt++; if(giTimerN == 0) //采样周期小于10ms的情况 { giTimerCnt = 0; UserTimerIsr(); outportb(0x20, 0x20); //清除中断标志位,可以看8259相关的资料 return; } if((giTimerSmallValue == 0) && (giTimerCnt == giTimerN)) //采样周期是10ms的倍数的情况 { giTimerCnt = 0; UserTimerIsr(); outportb(0x20, 0x20); return; } if((giTimerSmallValue != 0) && (giTimerN != 0)) //采样周期大于10ms,且不是10ms倍数的情况 { if(giTimerCnt == 1) { disable(); outportb(0x43, 0x36); outportb(0x40, 0x9d); outportb(0x40, 0x2e); enable(); } if(giTimerCnt == (giTimerN + 1)) { giTimerCnt = 0; disable(); outportb(0x43, 0x36); outportb(0x40, giTimerSmallValue & 0xff); outportb(0x40, (giTimerSmallValue >> 8) & 0xff); enable(); UserTimerIsr(); } outportb(0x20, 0x20); return; } outportb(0x20, 0x20); } /*初始化定时器*/ void TimerInit(void) { giTimerN = (int)(gfT / 10); giTimerSmallValue = (int)((gfT - giTimerN * 10) * 1193); // 输入时钟频率1193kHZ disable(); OldIsr08 = getvect(0x08); if(giTimerSmallValue) { outportb(0x43, 0x36); outportb(0x40, giTimerSmallValue & 0xff); outportb(0x40, (giTimerSmallValue >> 8) & 0xff); } else { outportb(0x43, 0x36); outportb(0x40, 0x9d); outportb(0x40, 0x2e); } setvect(0x08, MyIsr08); enable(); } /*恢复定时器原先的服务函数和周期*/ void TimerExit(void) { disable(); outportb(0x43, 0x36); outportb(0x40, 0x00); outportb(0x40, 0x00); setvect(0x08, OldIsr08); enable(); } /*每个采样周期都会调用的函数*/ void UserTimerIsr(void) { glUserCnt++; giFlag = 1; } /*获取配置信息*/ void LoadConfig(void) { printf("input T and N\n"); scanf("%f %ld", &gfT, &glN); while(getchar() != 10); if( gfT <= 0 || glN < 0) { printf("error, try again\n"); LoadConfig(); } }
真的看完了,现在开始看模拟的。
8254的初始化是在pc_init1中执行的,设置iobase为0x40,IRQ为0,INT 8:
pit = pit_init(0x40, i8259[0]);
8254是有三个timer的,只用到了channel 0的timer。
qemu有自己的定时器,输入时钟是1G,对应1ns。8254的输入时钟是1193kHZ,如何模拟的呢?
根据8254的设置,计算出来下一个中断到临的tick次数,在根据8254和qemu timer频率的不同,对tick进行转换,然后设置qemu timer的定时设置,当qemu timer超时时,callback函数就是8254的中断处理函数pit_irq_timer。在中断函数中,再进行一些其它的处理,如重新装载之类的。
PITState *pit_init(int base, qemu_irq irq) { PITState *pit = &pit_state; PITChannelState *s; s = &pit->channels[0]; /* the timer 0 is connected to an IRQ */ s->irq_timer = timer_new(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL, SCALE_NS, pit_irq_timer, s); s->irq = irq; register_savevm(NULL, "i8254", base, 1, pit_save, pit_load, pit); qemu_register_reset(pit_reset, 0, pit); register_ioport_write(base, 4, 1, pit_ioport_write, pit); register_ioport_read(base, 3, 1, pit_ioport_read, pit); pit_reset(pit); return pit; }
qemu_register_reset是用链表保存一些复位函数的:
void qemu_register_reset(QEMUResetHandler *func, int order, void *opaque) { QEMUResetEntry **pre, *re; pre = &first_reset_entry; while (*pre != NULL && (*pre)->order >= order) { pre = &(*pre)->next; } re = g_malloc0(sizeof(QEMUResetEntry)); re->func = func; re->opaque = opaque; re->order = order; re->next = NULL; *pre = re; }
当然pit_init最后也调用了pit_reset函数对寄存器进行复位,将mode设置为3,设置gate,计数值归零:
static void pit_reset(void *opaque) { PITState *pit = opaque; PITChannelState *s; int i; for(i = 0;i < 3; i++) { s = &pit->channels[i]; s->mode = 3; s->gate = (i != 2); pit_load_count(s, 0); } }
这两行设置了寄存器的读写函数,注意这里是PMIO方式,不是MMIO方式的寄存器。0x40~0x43的写函数设置为pit_ioport_write;0x40~0x42的读函数设置为pit_ioport_read:
register_ioport_write(base, 4, 1, pit_ioport_write, pit); register_ioport_read(base, 3, 1, pit_ioport_read, pit);
写函数,看懂寄存器的使用后,这个函数还是比较简单的:
static void pit_ioport_write(void *opaque, uint32_t addr, uint32_t val) { PITState *pit = opaque; int channel, access; PITChannelState *s; addr &= 3; if (addr == 3) { channel = val >> 6; if (channel == 3) { /* read back command */ for(channel = 0; channel < 3; channel++) { s = &pit->channels[channel]; if (val & (2 << channel)) { if (!(val & 0x20)) { pit_latch_count(s); } if (!(val & 0x10) && !s->status_latched) { /* status latch */ /* XXX: add BCD and null count */ s->status = (pit_get_out1(s, qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL) 7) | (s->rw_mode << 4) | (s->mode << 1) | s->bcd; s->status_latched = 1; } } } } else { s = &pit->channels[channel]; access = (val >> 4) & 3; if (access == 0) { pit_latch_count(s); } else { s->rw_mode = access; s->read_state = access; s->write_state = access; s->mode = (val >> 1) & 7; s->bcd = val & 1; /* XXX: update irq timer ? */ } } } else { s = &pit->channels[addr]; switch(s->write_state) { default: case RW_STATE_LSB: pit_load_count(s, val); break; case RW_STATE_MSB: pit_load_count(s, val << 8); break; case RW_STATE_WORD0: s->write_latch = val; s->write_state = RW_STATE_WORD1; break; case RW_STATE_WORD1: pit_load_count(s, s->write_latch | (val << 8)); s->write_state = RW_STATE_WORD0; break; } } }
pit_latch_count用于锁存当前的计数值:
static void pit_latch_count(PITChannelState *s) { if (!s->count_latched) { s->latched_count = pit_get_count(s); s->count_latched = s->rw_mode; } }
pit_load_count用于装载计数值,count_load_time是装载时tick的值(tick++ in every ns);count是8254的周期,8254自己的计数值会按照1193kHZ的频率递减的。注意和count_load_time单位的不同,以及后续单位的转换。最后调用pit_irq_timer_update,对qemu timer进行更新。
static inline void pit_load_count(PITChannelState *s, int val) { if (val == 0) val = 0x10000; s->count_load_time = qemu_clock_get_ns(QEMU_CLOCK_VIRTUAL); s->count = val; pit_irq_timer_update(s, s->count_load_time); }
pit_irq_timer_update函数干两件事:
1、计算irq_level,就是比较tick的值和设定的值,满足条件时就会qemu_set_irq触发中断请求
2、计算expire_time,并且调用timer_mod更新qemu timer,让qemu timer在8254下一个需要产生中断的时候产生timeout,并调用callback,也就是8254的中断函数
static void pit_irq_timer_update(PITChannelState *s, int64_t current_time) { int64_t expire_time; int irq_level; if (!s->irq_timer) return; expire_time = pit_get_next_transition_time(s, current_time); irq_level = pit_get_out1(s, current_time); qemu_set_irq(s->irq, irq_level); #ifdef DEBUG_PIT printf("irq_level=%d next_delay=%f\n", irq_level, (double)(expire_time - current_time) / get_ticks_per_sec()); #endif s->next_transition_time = expire_time; if (expire_time != -1) timer_mod(s->irq_timer, expire_time); else timer_del(s->irq_timer); }
8254的中断函数,也就是qemu timer的callback函数,也调用了pit_irq_timer_update:
static void pit_irq_timer(void *opaque) { PITChannelState *s = opaque; pit_irq_timer_update(s, s->next_transition_time); }
寄存器的读函数:
static uint32_t pit_ioport_read(void *opaque, uint32_t addr) { PITState *pit = opaque; int ret, count; PITChannelState *s; addr &= 3; s = &pit->channels[addr]; if (s->status_latched) { s->status_latched = 0; ret = s->status; } else if (s->count_latched) { switch(s->count_latched) { default: case RW_STATE_LSB: ret = s->latched_count & 0xff; s->count_latched = 0; break; case RW_STATE_MSB: ret = s->latched_count >> 8; s->count_latched = 0; break; case RW_STATE_WORD0: ret = s->latched_count & 0xff; s->count_latched = RW_STATE_MSB; break; } } else { switch(s->read_state) { default: case RW_STATE_LSB: count = pit_get_count(s); ret = count & 0xff; break; case RW_STATE_MSB: count = pit_get_count(s); ret = (count >> 8) & 0xff; break; case RW_STATE_WORD0: count = pit_get_count(s); ret = count & 0xff; s->read_state = RW_STATE_WORD1; break; case RW_STATE_WORD1: count = pit_get_count(s); ret = (count >> 8) & 0xff; s->read_state = RW_STATE_WORD0; break; } } return ret; }
当kvm执行到PMIO的操作时,会退出,然后调用kvm_handle_io:
case KVM_EXIT_IO: dprintf("handle_io\n"); ret = kvm_handle_io(cpu, run->io.port, (uint8_t *)run + run->io.data_offset, run->io.direction, run->io.size, run->io.count); break;
static int kvm_handle_io(CPUState *cpu, uint16_t port, void *data, int direction, int size, uint32_t count) { int i; uint8_t *ptr = data; for (i = 0; i < count; i++) { if (direction == KVM_EXIT_IO_IN) { switch (size) { case 1: stb_p(ptr, cpu_inb(port)); break; case 2: stw_p(ptr, cpu_inw(port)); break; case 4: stl_p(ptr, cpu_inl(port)); break; } } else { switch (size) { case 1: cpu_outb(port, ldub_p(ptr)); break; case 2: cpu_outw(port, lduw_p(ptr)); break; case 4: cpu_outl(port, ldl_p(ptr)); break; } } ptr += size; } return 1; }
以8bit读为例子:
uint8_t cpu_inb(pio_addr_t addr) { uint8_t val; val = ioport_read(0, addr); LOG_IOPORT("inb : %04"FMT_pioaddr" %02"PRIx8"\n", addr, val); return val; }
static uint32_t ioport_read(int index, uint32_t address) { static IOPortReadFunc * const default_func[3] = { default_ioport_readb, default_ioport_readw, default_ioport_readl }; IOPortReadFunc *func = ioport_read_table[index][address]; if (!func) func = default_func[index]; return func(ioport_opaque[address], address); }
PMIO的地址和opaque以及读写函数的绑定,使用register_ioport_read,register_ioport_write函数,在i8254.c的pit_init中调用的:
int register_ioport_read(pio_addr_t start, int length, int size, IOPortReadFunc *func, void *opaque) { pio_addr_t i; int bsize; if (ioport_bsize(size, &bsize)) { hw_error("register_ioport_read: invalid size"); return -1; } for(i = start; i < start + length; i += size) { ioport_read_table[bsize][i] = func; if (ioport_opaque[i] != NULL && ioport_opaque[i] != opaque) hw_error("register_ioport_read: invalid opaque"); ioport_opaque[i] = opaque; } return 0; }
pit_save,pit_load,register_savevm用于快照和恢复的,可以不看。
现在qemu的8254都是使用了QOM模型了,这个模型太TMD的复杂了。另外hw/i386/kvm/timer/i8254.c中提供了kvm-pit,使用kvm提供的内核态的8254的模拟,中断的处理和IO的读写都在内核态,不需要退出kvm了,速度要更快些。类似的,8259之类的也有kvm内核态的实现,所以说android emulator的性能还是有提升空间的。