NULL 值与索引
NULL值是关系数据库系统布尔型(true,false,unknown)中比较特殊类型的一种值,通常称为UNKNOWN或空值,即是未知的,不确定的。由于
NULL存在着无数的可能,因此NULL值也不等于NULL值,所以与NULL值相关的操作同样都为NULL值。正是基于这样一个特性,对于NULL值列上的B
树索引导致了is null/is not null不走索引的情形,下面描述了NULL值与索引以及索引NULL列上的执行计划,如何使得NULL值走索引的情形。
注:本文仅仅讨论的是B树索引上的NULL值,位图索引不在此范围之内。
一、null值与索引的关系
[sql] view plain copy
- scott@ORCL> create table t1(id number,val varchar2(1));
- -->为表t1创建唯一索引
- scott@ORCL> create unique index i_t1_id on t1(id);
- scott@ORCL> insert into t1 select null,'Y' from dual;
- scott@ORCL> insert into t1 select null,'N' from dual;
- -->从上面的操作可知,尽管列id上存在唯一索引,但由于null值不等于任一null值,因此能够成功插入
- scott@ORCL> commit;
- -->再次为表添加唯一复合索引,即基于id列与val列
- scott@ORCL> create unique index i_t1_id_val on t1(id,val);
- Index created.
- -->插入null,'N'的记录时失败,提示违反唯一性约束
- scott@ORCL> insert into t1 select null,'N' from dual;
- insert into t1 select null,'N' from dual
- *
- ERROR at line 1:
- ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.I_T1_ID_VAL) violated
- -->插入null,'Y'的记录时同样失败,提示违反唯一性约束
- scott@ORCL> insert into t1 select null,'Y' from dual;
- insert into t1 select null,'Y' from dual
- *
- ERROR at line 1:
- ORA-00001: unique constraint (SCOTT.I_T1_ID_VAL) violated
- -->插入两个null值成功
- scott@ORCL> insert into t1 select null,null from dual;
- 1 row created.
- scott@ORCL> insert into t1 select null,null from dual;
- 1 row created.
- scott@ORCL> insert into t1 select null,'A' from dual;
- 1 row created.
- scott@ORCL> commit;
- Commit complete.
- scott@ORCL> set null unknown;
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1;
- ID VAL
- ---------- ------------------------------
- unknown Y
- unknown N
- unknown unknown
- unknown unknown
- unknown A
- scott@ORCL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T1',cascade=>true);
- scott@ORCL> select index_name,index_type,blevel,leaf_blocks,num_rows,status,distinct_keys
- 2 from user_indexes where table_name='T1';
- INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE BLEVEL LEAF_BLOCKS NUM_ROWS STATUS DISTINCT_KEYS
- --------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- -------------
- I_T1_ID NORMAL 0 0 0 VALID 0
- I_T1_ID_VAL NORMAL 0 1 3 VALID 3
- -->从上面的情形可知,
- -->基于单列的唯一索引,可以多次插入null值,但其索引上并不存储null值。
- -->基于多列的复合索引,尽管全为null值的行可以多次插入,但不全为null的重复行则不能被插入(注,非唯一复合索引不存在此限制,此处不演示)。
- -->基于多列的复合索引,对于全为null值的索引值也不会被存储。如上面的情形,尽管插入了5条记录,复合索引中只存储了3条。
- -->注:对于唯一性约束,null值不等于null值,同样(null,null)也不等同于(null,null),所以上面的两次null能够被插入。
二、null值与执行计划
[sql] view plain copy
- scott@ORCL> set autot trace exp;
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1 where id is null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 3617692013
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 5 | 5 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1 | 5 | 5 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 1 - filter("ID" IS NULL)
- -->从上面的测试可知,由于null值是不被存储的,因此当使用id is null作为谓词时,走了全表扫描
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1 where id is not null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 796913935
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 1 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T1 | 1 | 1 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 2 | INDEX FULL SCAN | I_T1_ID | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 2 - filter("ID" IS NOT NULL)
- -->从上面的测试可知,尽管当前表上id列上的所有值都为null,但不排除后续记录插入的id不为null的列。
- -->故当使用id is not null作为谓词时,此时执行计划中走了索引全扫描。
- -->下面来看看复合索引的情形
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1 where val is null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 3617692013
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 2 | 2 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T1 | 2 | 2 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 1 - filter("VAL" IS NULL)
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1 where val is not null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 1931510411
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 3 | 3 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 1 | INDEX FULL SCAN | I_T1_ID_VAL | 3 | 3 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 1 - filter("VAL" IS NOT NULL)
- -->对于复合唯一索引的情形,当使用单列且非前导列谓词时,使用is null与 is not null等同于单列唯一索引的情形。
- -->即原理也是一样的,val is null走全表扫描而val is not null走索引。因为null值不会被存储。
- -->下面看看两个列都作为谓词的情形
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1 where id is null and val is not null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 1040510552
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 3 | 3 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 1 | INDEX RANGE SCAN| I_T1_ID_VAL | 3 | 3 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 1 - access("ID" IS NULL)
- filter("VAL" IS NOT NULL)
- -->从上面的测试可知,尽管两个谓词列上都存在索引,一个为单列唯一索引,一个为复合唯一索引。Oracle 选择了复合索引I_T1_ID_VAL。
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1 where id is not null and val is null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 796913935
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 1 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| T1 | 1 | 1 | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 2 | INDEX FULL SCAN | I_T1_ID | 1 | | 0 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 1 - filter("VAL" IS NULL)
- 2 - filter("ID" IS NOT NULL)
- -->同样的情形,谓词的顺序与复合索引定义的顺序一样,只不过第一个谓词为id is not null,而第二个谓词为val is null。
- -->此时Oracle 选择了单列唯一索引I_T1_ID
- -->看到此,不知道大家是否已明白,即哪个列为is not null,则会使用该列上的索引,原因还是那句话,索引不存储null值。
- -->对于颠倒id列与val列以及id,val列为null或not null的其他不同组合情形不再演示,其执行计划类似。
三、使用is null走索引的情形
[sql] view plain copy
- scott@ORCL> set autot off;
- --删除原有表上的null值记录
- scott@ORCL> delete from t1 where val not in('Y','N') or val is null;
- 3 rows deleted.
- scott@ORCL> update t1 set id=1 where val='Y';
- 1 row updated.
- scott@ORCL> update t1 set id=2 where val='N';
- 1 row updated.
- scott@ORCL> commit;
- Commit complete.
- -->对原有记录更新后的情形
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1;
- ID VAL
- ---------- ------------------------------
- 1 Y
- 2 N
- scott@ORCL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T1',cascade=>true);
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
- -->修改表列id使之具有not null约束的特性
- scott@ORCL> alter table t1 modify(id not null);
- Table altered.
- scott@ORCL> set autot trace exp;
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1 where id is null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 3160894736
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 5 | 0 (0)| |
- |* 1 | FILTER | | | | | |
- | 2 | INDEX FULL SCAN| I_T1_ID_VAL | 2 | 10 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 1 - filter(NULL IS NOT NULL)
- -->从上面的执行计划中可知,当表t1列id上具有not null 约束时,此时使用id is null选择了索引范围扫描
- -->下面来看看列val is null 的情形
- scott@ORCL> select * from t1 where val is null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 48744011
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 5 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 1 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| I_T1_ID_VAL | 1 | 5 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 1 - filter("VAL" IS NULL)
- -->尽管val列上允许null值存在,但由于列id上具有not null 约束,且id列与val列存在复合唯一索引,因此此时选择了索引快速全扫描
- -->其余不同组合情形大致相同,不再演示
- -->为表t1新增一条val为null的记录
- scott@ORCL> insert into t1 select 3,null from dual;
- 1 row created.
- scott@ORCL> commit;
- Commit complete.
- scott@ORCL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T1',cascade=>true);
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
- -->下面的查询中可以看出尽管只有列id有not null约束,当所有的索引值都被存储
- scott@ORCL> select index_name,index_type,blevel,leaf_blocks,num_rows,status,distinct_keys
- 2 from user_indexes where table_name='T1';
- INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE BLEVEL LEAF_BLOCKS NUM_ROWS STATUS DISTINCT_KEYS
- --------------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- -------------
- I_T1_ID NORMAL 0 1 3 VALID 3
- I_T1_ID_VAL NORMAL 0 1 3 VALID 3
- -->Author : Robinson Cheng
- -->Blog : http://blog.csdn.net/robinson_0612
四、总结
无论是单列唯一索引或复合唯一索引,对于可以为null的列或复合null值,Oracle不会为其存储索引值。
故在基于单列创建B树唯一索引或多列创建B树复合唯一索引的情形下,
当列上允许为null值时
where子句使用了基于is null的情形,其执行计划走全表扫描。
where子句使用了基于is not null的情形,其执行计划走索引扫描(索引范围扫描或索引全扫描)。
当列上不允许为null值时,存在非null约束
where子句使用了基于is null的情行,其执行计划走索引扫描。
where子句使用了基于is not null的情形,其执行计划也是走索引扫描。
注:此在Oracle 10g R2(linux)下的情形,不同的优化器版本可能会有偏差。
在NULL值与索引(一)中讲述了null值与索引的一些基本情况。其主要的内容为,基于允许存在null值的索引列,其索引值不会被存储;其次
是由于这个特性导致了我们在使用is null时索引失效的情形;最后则是描述的通过为null值列添加not null约束来使得is null走索引。尽管我
们可以通过添加not null来解决is null走索引,当现实中的情况是仍然很多列根本是无法确定的,而必须保持其null特性。对于此种情形该如
何解决呢?
一、通过基于函数的索引来使得is null使用索引
[sql] view plain copy
- -->演示环境
- scott@ORCL> select * from v$version where rownum<2;
- BANNER
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Prod
- -->创建测试表t2
- scott@ORCL> create table t2(obj_id,obj_name) as select object_id,object_name from dba_objects;
- Table created.
- -->演示表t2上不存在not null约束
- scott@ORCL> desc t2
- Name Null? Type
- ----------------------------- -------- --------------------
- OBJ_ID NUMBER
- OBJ_NAME VARCHAR2(128)
- -->为表t2创建一个普通的B树索引
- scott@ORCL> create index i_t2_obj_id on t2(obj_id);
- Index created.
- -->将表t2列obj_id<=100的obj_id置空
- -->注:在Oracle 10g中空字符串等同于null值
- scott@ORCL> update t2 set obj_id='' where obj_id<=100;
- 99 rows updated.
- -->下面的查询亦表明在此时空字符串等同于null值
- scott@ORCL> set null unknown
- scott@ORCL> select * from t2 where obj_id is null and rownum<3;
- OBJ_ID OBJ_NAME
- ---------- ------------------------------
- unknown ICOL$
- unknown I_USER1
- -->收集统计信息
- scott@ORCL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T2',cascade=>true);
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
- -->基于null值上使用not null会使用索引扫描,等同于前面 null值与索引(一) 中的描述
- scott@ORCL> select count(*) from t2 where obj_id is not null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 3840858596
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 5 | 7 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 5 | | |
- |* 2 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| I_T2_OBJ_ID | 11719 | 58595 | 7 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 2 - filter("OBJ_ID" IS NOT NULL)
- -->列obj_id is null走全表扫描
- scott@ORCL> select count(*) from t2 where obj_id is null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 3321871023
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 5 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 5 | | |
- |* 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2 | 1 | 5 | 13 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 2 - filter("OBJ_ID" IS NULL)
- -->创建基于函数的索引来使得is null走索引
- -->下面使用了nvl函数来创建函数索引,即当obj_id为null值时,存储-1
- scott@ORCL> create index i_fn_t2_obj_id on t2(nvl(obj_id,-1));
- Index created.
- -->收集索引信息
- scott@ORCL> exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats('SCOTT','I_FN_T2_OBJ_ID');
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
- -->可以看到下面的执行计划中刚刚创建的函数索引已经生效I_FN_T2_OBJ_ID
- scott@ORCL> select count(*) from t2 where nvl(obj_id,-1) = -1;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 3983750858
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 5 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 5 | | |
- |* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN| I_FN_T2_OBJ_ID | 100 | 500 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 2 - access(NVL("OBJ_ID",(-1))=(-1))
二、使用伪列创建基于函数的索引来使得is null使用索引
[sql] view plain copy
- -->下面通过添加一个值为-1(可取任意值)的伪列来创建索引
- scott@ORCL> create index i_new_t2_obj_id on t2(obj_id,-1);
- Index created.
- -->收集索引信息
- scott@ORCL> exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats('SCOTT','I_NEW_T2_OBJ_ID');
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
- -->从下面的查询可以看出obj_id is null使用了刚刚创建的索引
- scott@ORCL> select count(*) from t2 where obj_id is null;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 801885198
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 5 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 5 | | |
- |* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN| I_NEW_T2_OBJ_ID | 99 | 495 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 2 - access("OBJ_ID" IS NULL)
- -->查看刚刚创建的所有索引的相关统计信息
- scott@ORCL> select index_name,index_type,blevel,leaf_blocks,num_rows,status,distinct_keys
- 2 from user_indexes where table_name='T2';
- INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE BLEVEL LEAF_BLOCKS NUM_ROWS STATUS DISTINCT_KEYS
- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- -------------
- I_FN_T2_OBJ_ID FUNCTION-BASED NORMAL 1 26 11719 VALID 11621
- I_NEW_T2_OBJ_ID FUNCTION-BASED NORMAL 1 32 11719 VALID 11621
- I_T2_OBJ_ID NORMAL 1 25 11620 VALID 11620
- -->从上面的结果可知:
- -->普通的B索引(I_T2_OBJ_ID)使用的索引块最小,因为null值没有被存储,NUM_ROWS与DISTINCT_KEYS即是佐证
- -->使用NVL函数创建的索引I_FN_T2_OBJ_ID中如实的反应了null值,即11620 + null值 = 11621
- -->使用伪列创建的索引依然属于函数索引,其耗用的叶节点块数最多,因为多出了一个值(-1)来存储
- -->尽管使用NVL创建的函数占用的磁盘空间小于使用伪列创建的索引,当在书写谓词时需要带上NVL函数,而伪列索引中谓词直接使用is null。
三、NULL值与索引衍生特性
[sql] view plain copy
- -->由前面的种种事例再次说明NULL值不会被存储到索引中,因此基于这个特性可以使用decode函数来压缩索引列。
- -->在实际应用的多数情形中,如表上有打印状态列is_printed通常为两种情形,已打印或未打印,假定1表示已打印,而0表示未打印。
- -->通常情况下90%以上的单据都处于已打印状态,而仅有10%左右的处于未打印。而经常要使用的情形是查询未打印的单据并重新打印。
- -->基于上述情况,可以使用位图索引来解决,但此处我们讨论的是B树索引,故不考虑该情形(或者说你使用了非企业版Oracle,不支持位图索引)
- -->此处对于这类情形我们可以使用decode函数来解决这个问题
- -->更新表上的列,使之obj_id为1的行占绝大多数
- scott@ORCL> update t2 set obj_id=1 where obj_id is not null;
- 11620 rows updated.
- -->更新表,使之obj_id为0的行占少部分
- scott@ORCL> update t2 set obj_id = 0 where obj_id is null;
- 99 rows updated.
- scott@ORCL> commit;
- -->收集统计信息
- scott@ORCL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats('SCOTT','T2',cascade=>true);
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
- -->表t2上obj_id列的最终分布
- scott@ORCL> select obj_id,count(*) from t2 group by obj_id;
- OBJ_ID COUNT(*)
- ---------- ----------
- 1 11620
- 0 99
- -->使用decode函数创建索引
- -->注意此处decode的使用,当obj_id非0值时,其值被赋予为null值,由于该null值不会存储到索引,因此大部分obj_id列值为1的不会被索引
- scott@ORCL> create index i_fn2_t2_obj_id on t2(decode(obj_id,0,0,null));
- Index created.
- -->收集索引上的统计信息
- scott@ORCL> exec dbms_stats.gather_index_stats('SCOTT','I_FN2_T2_OBJ_ID');
- PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
- -->查看新索引的执行计划
- scott@ORCL> set autot trace exp;
- scott@ORCL> select count(*) from t2 where decode(obj_id,0,0,null) = 0;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 1461308992
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 3 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 3 | | |
- |* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN| I_FN2_T2_OBJ_ID | 98 | 294 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 2 - access(DECODE("OBJ_ID",0,0,NULL)=0)
- -->当直接使用obj_id = 0来查询时使用的是普通的B树索引
- scott@ORCL> select count(*) from t2 where obj_id = 0;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 1804118247
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 3 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | 3 | | |
- |* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN| I_T2_OBJ_ID | 99 | 297 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 2 - access("OBJ_ID"=0)
- -->当使用obj_id = 1来查询时走全表扫描,因为obj_id = 1占据表90%以上,由CBO特性决定了走全表扫描
- scott@ORCL> select * from t2 where obj_id = 1;
- Execution Plan
- ----------------------------------------------------------
- Plan hash value: 1513984157
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 11620 | 249K| 14 (8)| 00:00:01 |
- |* 1 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T2 | 11620 | 249K| 14 (8)| 00:00:01 |
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
- ---------------------------------------------------
- 1 - filter("OBJ_ID"=1)
- -->表t2上所有索引的统计信息
- scott@ORCL> select index_name,index_type,blevel,leaf_blocks,num_rows,status,distinct_keys
- 2 from user_indexes where table_name='T2';
- INDEX_NAME INDEX_TYPE BLEVEL LEAF_BLOCKS NUM_ROWS STATUS DISTINCT_KEYS
- --------------- ------------------------------ ---------- ----------- ---------- -------- -------------
- I_FN_T2_OBJ_ID FUNCTION-BASED NORMAL 1 40 11719 VALID 2
- I_NEW_T2_OBJ_ID FUNCTION-BASED NORMAL 1 52 11719 VALID 2
- I_FN2_T2_OBJ_ID FUNCTION-BASED NORMAL 0 1 99 VALID 1
- I_T2_OBJ_ID NORMAL 1 40 11719 VALID 2
- -->从上面的结果可知,索引I_FN2_T2_OBJ_ID仅仅存储了99跳记录,且DISTINCT_KEYS值为1个,因为所有非0值的全部被置NULL。
- -->以上方法实现了索引压缩,避免了较大索引维护所需的开销,同时也提高了查询性能。
- -->Author : Robinson Cheng
- -->Blog : http://blog.csdn.net/robinson_0612
四、总结
1、对于用于连接或经常被谓词使用到的列应尽可能避免NULL值属性,因为它容易导致索引失效。
2、为需要使用NULL值的列添加缺省值(alter table tb modify(col default 'Y'))。
3、如果NULL值不可避免也不能使用缺省值,应考虑为该常用列使用nvl函数创建索引,或使用伪列来创建索引以提高查询性能。
4、对于复合索引应保证索引中至少有一列不为NULL值,还是因为全部列为NULL时不被索引存储,以保证使用is null是可以使用索引。
5、对于复合索引应保证索引列应使用数据类型长度最小的列来添加not null约束应节省磁盘空间。
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...............................................................................................................................● 本文转载自http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/7438397,乐沙弥大师
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