grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep - print lines matching a pattern
14.1. -v, --invert-match
grep -v "grep"
[root@development ~]# ps ax | grep httpd 6284 ? Ss 0:10 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start 8372 ? S 0:00 perl ./wrapper.pl -chdir -name httpd -class com.caucho.server.resin.Resin restart 19136 ? S 0:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start 19749 pts/1 R+ 0:00 grep httpd 31530 ? Sl 0:57 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start 31560 ? Sl 1:12 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start 31623 ? Sl 1:06 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start [root@development ~]# ps ax | grep httpd | grep -v grep 6284 ? Ss 0:10 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start 8372 ? S 0:00 perl ./wrapper.pl -chdir -name httpd -class com.caucho.server.resin.Resin restart 19136 ? S 0:00 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start 31530 ? Sl 0:57 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start 31560 ? Sl 1:12 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start 31623 ? Sl 1:06 /usr/local/httpd-2.2.14/bin/httpd -k start
14.2. Output control
14.2.1. 递归操作
递归查询
$ sudo grep -r 'neo' /etc/*
递归替换
for file in $( grep -rl '8800.org' * | grep -v .svn ); do
echo item: $file
[ -f $file ] && sed -e 's/8800\.org/sf\.net/g' -e 's/netkiller/neo/g' $file >$file.bak; cp $file.bak $file;
done
14.2.2. -c, --count print only a count of matching lines per FILE
$ cat /etc/resolv.conf nameserver localhost nameserver 208.67.222.222 nameserver 208.67.220.220 nameserver 202.96.128.166 nameserver 202.96.134.133 $ grep -c nameserver /etc/resolv.conf 5
# grep -c GET /www/logs/access.log 188460 # grep -c POST /www/logs/access.log 421
14.3. Context control
14.3.1. -A, --after-context=NUM print NUM lines of trailing context
返回匹配当前行至下面N行
# grep -A1 game /etc/passwd games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin # grep -A2 game /etc/passwd games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
14.3.2. -B, --before-context=NUM print NUM lines of leading context
返回匹配当前行至上面N行
# grep -B1 game /etc/passwd operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin # grep -B2 game /etc/passwd uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
14.3.3. -C, --context=NUM print NUM lines of output context
-NUM same as --context=NUM
neo@neo-OptiPlex-380:~$ grep -C 1 new /etc/passwd mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh neo@neo-OptiPlex-380:~$ grep -C 5 new /etc/passwd sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/bin/sh # grep -3 game /etc/passwd mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin uucp:x:10:14:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/sbin/nologin operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin gopher:x:13:30:gopher:/var/gopher:/sbin/nologin ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin
14.3.4. --color
# grep --color root /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
可以通过alias别名启用--color选项
alias egrep='egrep --color=auto' alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' alias grep='grep --color=auto'
加入.bashrc中，每次用户登录将自动生效
# enable color support of ls and also add handy aliases
if [ -x /usr/bin/dircolors ]; then
test -r ~/.dircolors && eval "$(dircolors -b ~/.dircolors)" || eval "$(dircolors -b)"
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
#alias dir='dir --color=auto'
#alias vdir='vdir --color=auto'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'
alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto'
alias egrep='egrep --color=auto'
fi
14.4. Regexp selection and interpretation
n 开头
$ grep '^n' /etc/passwd news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh neo:x:1000:1000:neo chan,,,:/home/neo:/bin/bash nagios:x:116:127::/var/run/nagios2:/bin/false
bash 结尾
$ grep 'bash$' /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash neo:x:1000:1000:neo chan,,,:/home/neo:/bin/bash postgres:x:114:124:PostgreSQL administrator,,,:/var/lib/postgresql:/bin/bash cvsroot:x:1001:1001:cvsroot,,,,:/home/cvsroot:/bin/bash svnroot:x:1002:1002:subversion,,,,:/home/svnroot:/bin/bash
中间包含 root
$ grep '.*root' /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash cvsroot:x:1001:1001:cvsroot,,,,:/home/cvsroot:/bin/bash svnroot:x:1002:1002:subversion,,,,:/home/svnroot:/bin/bash
ps ax |grep -E "mysqld|httpd|resin"
14.4.1. 2010:(13|14|15|16)
regular 匹配一组
egrep "2010:(13|14|15|16)" access.2010-11-18.log > apache.log
14.4.2. []与{}
源文件
# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Sat Sep 10 00:25:46 2011 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=091f295e-ea6d-4f57-9314-e2333f7ebff7 / ext4 defaults 1 1 UUID=b3661a0b-2c50-4e18-8030-be2d043cbfc4 /www ext4 defaults 1 2 UUID=4d3468de-a2ac-451c-b693-3bdca8832096 swap swap defaults 0 0 tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults 0 0 devpts /dev/pts devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0 sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
匹配每行包含4个连续字符的字符串的行。
# grep '[A-Z]\{4\}' /etc/fstab
UUID=091f295e-ea6d-4f57-9314-e2333f7ebff7 / ext4 defaults 1 1
UUID=b3661a0b-2c50-4e18-8030-be2d043cbfc4 /www ext4 defaults 1 2
UUID=4d3468de-a2ac-451c-b693-3bdca8832096 swap swap defaults 0 0
14.5. ^M
fgrep -rl `echo -ne '\r'` .
find . -type f -exec grep $'\r' {} +
14.6. egrep
egrep = grep -E 在egrep中不许看使用转意字符，例如
# grep '\(oo\).*\1' /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash # grep -E '(oo).*\1' /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash # egrep '(oo).*\1' /etc/passwd root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
$ snmpwalk -v2c -c public 172.16.1.254 | egrep -i 'if(in|out)'
for pid in $(ps -axf |grep 'php-cgi' | egrep egrep "0:00.(6|7|8|9)"'{print $1}'); do kill -9 $pid; done
for pid in $(ps -axf |grep 'php-cgi' | egrep "0:(0|1|2|3|4|5)0.(6|7|8|9)" |awk '{print $1}'); do kill -9 $pid;
时间： 2024-10-29 01:12:49