一、介绍
二、安装
三、运行
四、开发
1. 介绍
Tengine:轻量级、高性能、高并发、配置化、模块化、可扩展、可移植的Web和反向代理 服务器,Tengine是nginx超集,但做了很多优化,包含了很多比较有用的模块,比如直接包含了lua、proc等很有用的模块。
Lua:一个很轻量级的 脚本,也号称性能最高的 脚本。代码总共不到600k,32个C文件,23个头文件:
root@j9 ~/lua-5.1.5/src# du -sh ./
572K ./
root@j9 ~/lua-5.1.5/src# ls *.c | wc -l
32
root@j9 ~/lua-5.1.5/src# ls *.h | wc -l
23
root@j9 ~/lua-5.1.5/src#
可以非常容易的嵌入C和C++工程中,也比较容易与C和C++互动,这也是目前Lua主要的用法。
ngx_lua:一个nginx很重要的第三方模块,作者:章亦春(agentzh、春哥),结合了nginx和Lua各自优点,把Lua嵌入nginx中,使其支持Lua来快速开发基于nginx下的业务逻辑。
https://github.com/openresty/lua-nginx-module
2. 安装
2.1、LuaJIT
wget -c http://luajit.org/download/LuaJIT-2.0.4.tar.gz
tar xzvf LuaJIT-2.0.4.tar.gz
cd LuaJIT-2.0.4
make install PREFIX=/usr/local/luajit
#注意环境变量!
export LUAJIT_LIB=/usr/local/luajit/lib
export LUAJIT_INC=/usr/local/luajit/include/luajit-2.0
2.2、Tengine
tengine最新代码中已经包含lua模块了,直接git clone下来就可以
git clone https://github.com/alibaba/tengine.git
cd tengine
./configure --prefix=/opt/tengine --with-http_lua_module
make
make install
如果是原生nginx的话,得自行下载lua模块代码:
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.7.8.tar.gz
tar xvf nginx-1.7.8.tar.gz
cd nginx-1.7.8
mkdir modules
cd modules
git clone https://github.com/openresty/lua-nginx-module.git
cd ..
./configure --prefix=/opt/nginx --add-module=./modules/lua-nginx-module/
make
make install
3. 运行
修改/opt/tengine/conf/nginx.conf:
worker_processes 1;
error_log logs/error.log;
pid logs/nginx.pid;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
include mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log logs/access.log main;
sendfile on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
server {
listen 80;
server_name localhost;
location / {
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location /hello_lua {
content_by_lua '
ngx.say("Lua: hello world!")
';
}
}
}
运行tengine:
root@j9 ~/tengine# /opt/tengine/sbin/nginx
curl访问一下hello_lua:
root@j9 ~/tengine# curl http://localhost/hello_lua
Lua: hello world!
运行ok。
4、开发
语法
入门
深入
4.1、语法
4.2、入门
4.2.1、API
- ngx.print
输出响应内容体;
例如:ngx.print("a", "b", "c") - ngx.say
跟ngx.print的区别只是最后会多输出一个换行符;
例如:ngx.say("a", "b", "c") - ngx.status
设置响应HTTP状态码;
注意,设置状态码仅在响应头发送前有效。当调用ngx.say或者ngx.print时自动发送响应状态码(默认为200);可以通ngx.headers_sent来判断是否发送了响应状态码。
例如:ngx.status = 200 - ngx.exit
设置响应HTTP状态码并退出;
注意,设置状态码仅在响应头发送前有效,并且该函数调用之后该函数后面的lua将被忽略掉,因为已经exit了。
例如:ngx.exit(200) - ngx.header
输出响应头;
注意,头部字段中含有横杠(-)的要转换成下划线(_),ngx_lua模块自动将_转换成-。
例如:ngx.header["X-Cache"] = "HIT" 或者 ngx.header.X_Cache = "HIT"或者ngx.header.X_Cache = {"AA", "BB"} - ngx.redirect
301或者302重定向
例如:ngx.redirect("http://www.taobao.org", 301) - ngx.log
打印nginx错误日志,日志级别有:ngx.STDERR、ngx.EMERG、ngx.ALERT、ngx.CRIT、ngx.ERR、ngx.WARN、ngx.NOTICE、ngx.INFO、ngx.DEBUG
例如:ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "test: ", "ok")
例子:
server {
listen 9898;
location / {
default_type "text/html";
content_by_lua '
local headers_sent_1 = ngx.headers_sent
ngx.header["X-Cache"] = "HIT"
ngx.header.Y_Cache = "MISS"
ngx.header.Z_Cache = {"AA", "BB"}
ngx.status = 602
local headers_sent_2 = ngx.headers_sent
ngx.print("a", "b")
local headers_sent_3 = ngx.headers_sent
ngx.say("c", "d")
ngx.say("e", "f")
ngx.say("headers_sent_1: ", tostring(headers_sent_1))
ngx.say("headers_sent_2: ", tostring(headers_sent_2))
ngx.say("headers_sent_3: ", tostring(headers_sent_3))
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "ngx.log test ok")
ngx.exit(601)
ngx.say("g", "h")
';
}
location ^~ /redirect {
content_by_lua '
ngx.redirect("http://www.taobao.org", 301)
';
}
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/" -i
HTTP/1.1 602
Server: Tengine/2.2.0
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2015 16:10:42 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive
X-Cache: HIT
Y-Cache: MISS
Z-Cache: AA
Z-Cache: BB
abcd
ef
headers_sent_1: false
headers_sent_2: false
headers_sent_3: true
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/redirect" -i
HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently
Server: Tengine/2.2.0
Date: Mon, 19 Oct 2015 16:18:16 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 284
Connection: keep-alive
Location: http://www.taobao.org
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html>
<head><title>301 Moved Permanently</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<h1>301 Moved Permanently</h1>
<p>The requested resource has been assigned a new permanent URI.</p>
<hr/>Powered by Tengine/2.2.0</body>
</html>
root@j9 ~#
- ngx.var
读取nginx变量,如nginx变量为$a,则在Lua中通过ngx.var.a获取,也可以给nginx变量赋值如ngx.var.a = "aa",前提是该变量在nginx中必须存在,不能在Lua中创建nginx变量。另外,对于nginx location中使用正则捕获的捕获组可以使用ngx.var[捕获组数字]获取。
例子
server {
listen 9898;
location ~ /var/([^/])/([^/]) {
default_type "text/html";
set $a "aaa";
set $b $host;
content_by_lua '
ngx.say("$a: ", ngx.var.a)
ngx.say("$b: ", ngx.var.b)
ngx.say("$host: ", ngx.var.host)
ngx.say("$arg_id: ", ngx.var.arg_id)
ngx.say("$1: ", ngx.var[1])
ngx.say("$2: ", ngx.var[2])
';
}
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/var/aaaa/bbbb?id=22" -H "Host: www.taobao.org"
$a: aaa
$b: www.taobao.org
$host: www.taobao.org
$arg_id: 22
$1: aaaa
$2: bbbb
root@j9 ~#
- ngx.req.raw_header
未解析的请求头字符串;
例如:ngx.req.raw_header() - ngx.req.get_headers
获取请求头,默认只获取前100个头部,如果想要获取所有头部可以调用ngx.req.get_headers(0);获取带中划线的请求头时要把中划线转换成下划线使用如headers.user_agent这种方式;如果一个请求头有多个值,则返回的是table;
例如:ngx.req.get_headers() - ngx.req.get_uri_args
获取url请求参数,其用法与ngx.req.get_headers类似; - ngx.req.get_post_args
获取post请求body参数,其用法与ngx.req.get_uri_args类似,但必须提前调用ngx.req.read_body(); - ngx.req.read_body
如果要获取请求的body,则需要调用ngx.req.read_body(),否则获取不到body数据,(ps:也可以在nginx配置文件中加入指令lua_need_request_body on;来开启读取body,但官方不推荐) - ngx.req.discard_body
忽略请求的body
注意,如果处理一个包含body的请求且需要ngx.exit时,需要调用此函数来忽略body,否则nginx可能将body当成header来解析,从而导致400错误; - ngx.req.get_body_data
获取请求body数据
例子
location ^~ /req {
content_by_lua '
ngx.say("===========ngx.req.raw_header=")
ngx.say(ngx.req.raw_header())
local headers = ngx.req.get_headers()
ngx.say("===========headers============")
ngx.say("Host: ", headers["Host"])
ngx.say("user-agent: ", headers.user_agent)
ngx.say("===========all headers========")
for k,v in pairs(headers) do
if type(v) == "table" then
ngx.say(k, ": ", table.concat(v, ","))
else
ngx.say(k, ": ", v)
end
end
ngx.say("===========args===============")
local args = ngx.req.get_uri_args()
for k,v in pairs(args) do
ngx.say(k, ": ", v)
end
ngx.say("===========body===============")
ngx.say("body data: ", ngx.req.get_body_data())
ngx.req.read_body()
local post_args = ngx.req.get_post_args()
for k,v in pairs(post_args) do
ngx.say(k, ": ", v)
end
ngx.say("body data: ", ngx.req.get_body_data())
';
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/req?a=11&b=22&c=33" --data "d=11&e=22&f=33"
===========ngx.req.raw_header=
POST /req?a=11&b=22&c=33 HTTP/1.1
User-Agent: curl/7.22.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.22.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1 zlib/1.2.3.4 libidn/1.23 librtmp/2.3
Host: 127.0.0.1:9898
Accept: /
Content-Length: 14
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
===========headers============
Host: 127.0.0.1:9898
user-agent: curl/7.22.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.22.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1 zlib/1.2.3.4 libidn/1.23 librtmp/2.3
===========all headers========
host: 127.0.0.1:9898
content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
accept: /
content-length: 14
user-agent: curl/7.22.0 (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.22.0 OpenSSL/1.0.1 zlib/1.2.3.4 libidn/1.23 librtmp/2.3
===========args===============
b: 22
a: 11
c: 33
===========body===============
body data: nil
d: 11
f: 33
e: 22
body data: d=11&e=22&f=33
root@j9 ~#
- ngx.escape_uri/ngx.unescape_uri
uri编码解码 - ngx.encode_args/ngx.decode_args
参数编码解码 - ngx.encode_base64/ngx.decode_base64
BASE64编码解码 - ngx.md5
md5加密
例子
location ^~ /code {
content_by_lua '
local request_uri = ngx.var.request_uri
local args = {a=11, b=22}
ngx.say("request uri: ", request_uri)
ngx.say("unescape request uri: ", ngx.unescape_uri(request_uri))
ngx.say("encode args: ", ngx.encode_args(args))
ngx.say("encode base64 request uri: ", ngx.encode_base64(request_uri))
ngx.say("md5(123456): ", ngx.md5("123456"))
';
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9898/code?name=%E9%87%91%E4%B9%9D"
request uri: /code?name=%E9%87%91%E4%B9%9D
unescape request uri: /code?name=金九
encode args: a=11&b=22
encode base64 request uri: L2NvZGU/bmFtZT0lRTklODclOTElRTQlQjklOUQ=
md5(123456): e10adc3949ba59abbe56e057f20f883e
root@j9 ~#
- ngx.shared.DICT
共享内存接口,其中DICT为共享内存zone名称,在nginx.conf中通过指令lua_shared_dict配置,而且lua_shared_dict指令配置的共享内存大小最小值为8k。
例子
lua_shared_dict cc_shared_data 16k;
server {
listen 9999;
default_type "text/html";
location ^~ /shared_data {
content_by_lua '
local shared_data = ngx.shared.cc_shared_data
local i = shared_data:get("i")
if not i then
shared_data:set("i", 1)
end
i = shared_data:incr("i", 1)
ngx.say("i: ", i)
';
}
}
测试结果
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9999/shared_data"
i: 2
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9999/shared_data"
i: 3
root@j9 ~#
ngx.shared.DICT详细说明:http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#ngx.shared.DICT
4.2.2、指令
指令 | 阶段 | 范围 | 说明 |
---|---|---|---|
init_by_lua/init_by_lua_file | loading-config | http | nginx master进程加载配置时执行;通常用于初始化全局配置/预加载Lua模块 |
init_worker_by_lua/init_worker_by_lua_file | starting-worker | http | 每个nginx worker进程启动时调用的计时器,如果master进程不允许则只会在init_by_lua之后调用;通常用于定时拉取配置/数据,或者后端服务的健康检查 |
set_by_lua/set_by_lua_file | rewrite | server,server if,location,location if | 设置nginx变量,可以实现复杂的赋值逻辑;此处是阻塞的,Lua代码要做到非常快 |
rewrite_by_lua/rewrite_by_lua_file | rewrite tail | http,server,location,location if rewrite | 阶段处理,可以实现复杂的转发/重定向逻辑 |
access_by_lua/access_by_lua_file | access tail | http,server,location,location if | 请求访问阶段处理,用于访问控制 |
content_by_lua/content_by_lua_file | content | location,location if | 内容处理器,接收请求处理并输出响应 |
header_filter_by_lua/header_filter_by_lua_file | output-header-filter | http,server,location,location if | 设置header和cookie |
body_filter_by_lua/body_filter_by_lua_file | output-body-filter | http,server,location,location if | 对响应数据进行过滤,比如截断、替换 |
log_by_lua/log_by_lua_file | log | http,server,location,location if log | 阶段处理,比如记录访问量/统计平均响应时间 |
更详细的解释请参考官网:http://wiki.nginx.org/HttpLuaModule#Directives
init_by_lua
每次nginx重新加载配置时执行,可以用它来完成一些耗时模块的加载,或者初始化一些全局配置;
例子:
init_by_lua '
cjson = require("cjson")
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "init_by_lua ok")
';
server {
listen 9292;
default_type "text/html";
location / {
content_by_lua '
local arg_json = cjson.decode(ngx.var.arg_json)
ngx.say("aa: ", arg_json.aa)
';
}
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl 'http://127.0.0.1:9292/?json=\{"aa":111,"bbb":222\}'
aa: 111
root@j9 ~#
init_worker_by_lua
每个worker启动之后初始化时执行,通常用于每个worker都要做的工作,比如启动定时任务
例子:
worker_processes 2;
http {
#这里省略了其他配置
init_worker_by_lua '
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "test init_worker_by_lua")
-- TODO: 启动定时任务
';
}
grep一下error.log,会发现两条包含"test init_worker_by_lua"关键字的log,说明每个worker都会执行这个Lua代码。
set_by_lua
语法:set_by_lua resluascriptstr
arg1 $arg2...; 在Lua代码中可以实现所有复杂的逻辑,但是要执行速度很快,不要阻塞;
需要注意的是,这个指令需要加入模块ngx_devel_kit,否则不支持这个指令。
这个指令的Lua代码中不支持以下API:
1、输出(ngx.say、ngx.send_headers……)
2、控制(ngx.exit……)
3、子请求(ngx.location.capture、ngx.location.capture_multi……)
4、cosocket(ngx.socket.tcp、ngx.req.socket……)
5、ngx.sleep
例子:
server {
listen 9393;
default_type "text/html";
location /add {
set $diff '';
set $double_c '';
set_by_lua $sum '
local a = ngx.var.arg_a
local b = ngx.var.arg_b
ngx.var.diff = a - b
ngx.var.double_c = 2 * tonumber(ngx.arg[1])
return a + b;
' $arg_c;
return 200 "a + b = $sum, a - b = $diff, 2 * c = $double_c";
}
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9393/add?a=11&b=22&c=88"
a + b = 33, a - b = -11, 2 * c = 176
root@j9 ~#
rewrite_by_lua
执行内部URL重写或者外部重定向(301或者302),典型的如伪静态化的URL重写。其默认执行在rewrite处理阶段的最后。
需要注意的是:
1、在长连接中如果调用了ngx.exit(200)一个请求,则需要调用ngx.req.discard_body(),否则nginx可能会把当前请求的body当成header解析,从而导致400错误返回码并且长连接被关闭。
2、如果该阶段调用了ngx.exit(ngx.OK),content_by_lua阶段仍然能得到执行。
例子:
server {
listen 9494;
default_type "text/html";
location /rewrite_by_lua {
set $a 11;
rewrite_by_lua '
ngx.var.a = "aa"
if ngx.var.arg_exit == "ok" then
ngx.exit(ngx.OK)
else
ngx.exit(200)
end
';
content_by_lua '
ngx.say("a: ", ngx.var.a)
';
}
}
测试结果
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9494/rewrite_by_lua?exit=ok"
a: aa
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9494/rewrite_by_lua?exit=200"
root@j9 ~#
access_by_lua
用于访问控制,比如IP黑白名单限制、鉴权。
例子:
server {
listen 9595;
default_type "text/html";
location / {
access_by_lua '
local auth = ngx.var.arg_auth;
local key = "alicdnj9";
if ngx.md5(key) ~= auth then
return ngx.exit(403)
end
';
content_by_lua '
ngx.say("access ok")
';
}
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9595/?auth=xx"
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
<html>
<head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head>
<body bgcolor="white">
<h1>403 Forbidden</h1>
<p>You don't have permission to access the URL on this server. Sorry for the inconvenience.<br/>
Please report this message and include the following information to us.<br/>
Thank you very much!</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>URL:</td>
<td>http://127.0.0.1:9595/?auth=xx</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Server:</td>
<td>j9</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Date:</td>
<td>2015/10/27 16:47:20</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr/>Powered by Tengine/2.2.0</body>
</html>
root@j9 ~# echo -n alicdnj9 | md5sum
50652c84270d22210593318f5d3016a1 -
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9595/?auth=50652c84270d22210593318f5d3016a1"
access ok
root@j9 ~#
注意,如果在access_by_lua中调用ngx.exit(ngx.OK),content阶段仍然能得到执行。
content_by_lua
content阶段,注意在同一个Location中不要和其他content阶段指令一起使用,比如proxy_pass。
例子:略
header_filter_by_lua和body_filter_by_lua
分别为header_filter阶段和body_filter阶段,其中body_filter可能会被执行多次。
不支持以下API:
- 输出 (ngx.say、ngx.send_headers)
- 控制 (ngx.exit、ngx.exec)
- 子请求 (ngx.location.capture、ngx.location.capture_multi)
- Cosocket (ngx.socket.tcp、ngx.req.socket).
比如对后端chunked长度做限制:
server {
listen 9696;
default_type "text/html";
set $content_len 0;
location / {
header_filter_by_lua '
-- 先去掉Content-Length头部,转成Chunked传输
ngx.header.content_length = nil
';
body_filter_by_lua '
local content_length = #ngx.arg[1]
content_length = ngx.var.content_len + content_length
ngx.var.content_len = content_length
-- 最多只能传输10字节的body,否则直接关掉连接
if content_length > 10 then
return ngx.ERROR
end
';
content_by_lua '
for i=1, ngx.var.arg_len do
ngx.print("a")
end
';
}
}
测试结果
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9696/?len=10" -i
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Tengine/2.2.0
Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 01:48:23 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive
aaaaaaaaaa
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9696/?len=11" -i
curl: (52) Empty reply from server
root@j9 ~#
可以看出当参数len为11时,服务器就直接不返回数据了。
4.3、深入
1、content_by_lua中的代码一定要注意单引号或者双引号,一般用法是外单内双,或者外双内单。
2、在nginx_lua中值为nil的变量不能与字符串或者数字相加,否则nginx会报500错误。
3、lua调试: ngx.log(ngx.ERR,xx)。(tail -f logs/error.log)
4、*_by_lua_file指令指定的文件支持绝对路径和相对路径,其中相对路径是相对nginx工作目录。
5、lua文件的require函数指定的lua模块路径查找顺序,可以从出错信息中看出来:
no file '/opt/libs/lua/a.lua'
no file './a.lua'
no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/luajit-2.0.4/a.lua'
no file '/usr/local/share/lua/5.1/a.lua'
no file '/usr/local/share/lua/5.1/a/init.lua'
no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/lua/5.1/a.lua'
no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/lua/5.1/a/init.lua'
no file './a.so'
no file '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/a.so'
no file '/usr/local/luajit/lib/lua/5.1/a.so'
no file '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/loadall.so'
其中,第一个/opt/libs/lua/a.lua为lua_package_path指定的路径:lua_package_path '/opt/libs/lua/?.lua;;';
第二个./a.lua为相对路径,相对于nginx.conf配置文件,而非包含它的lua文件。
so模块查找顺序类似,但是先查找.lua再查找.so,查找.so时先在lua_package_cpah指定的路径查找:lua_package_cpath '/opt/libs/lua_shared/?.so;;';
可以从出错信息中看出来:
no field package.preload['a']
no file '/opt/libs/lua/a.lua'
no file './a.lua'
no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/luajit-2.0.4/a.lua'
no file '/usr/local/share/lua/5.1/a.lua'
no file '/usr/local/share/lua/5.1/a/init.lua'
no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/lua/5.1/a.lua'
no file '/usr/local/luajit/share/lua/5.1/a/init.lua'
no file '/opt/libs/lua_shared/a.so'
no file './a.so'
no file '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/a.so'
no file '/usr/local/luajit/lib/lua/5.1/a.so'
no file '/usr/local/lib/lua/5.1/loadall.so'
6、lua代码一定要健壮,否则不管lua产生什么错,nginx都会返回500错误,这时可以从error.log中查看错误信息来定位。
7、编写lua代码时最好用local局部变量,不要用全局变量。
8、实现worker级别的全局变量:
server {
listen 9797;
default_type "text/html";
location / {
content_by_lua '
local a = 1
local b = {b = 1}
local status = require("status")
ngx.say("a: ", a, ", b: ", b.b, " counter: ", status.counter)
a = a + 1
b.b = b.b + 1
status.counter = (status.counter or 0) + 1
';
}
}
其中status.lua为:
local m = {}
m.counter = 1
return m
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9797/"
a: 1, b: 1 counter: 1
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9797/"
a: 1, b: 1 counter: 2
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:9797/"
a: 1, b: 1 counter: 3
root@j9 ~#
可以看出status.counter的值一直是累加的,这是因为require一个模块只load第一次,后续require该模块都会先看全局表中是否已经load过,load过则就不需要再load了,所以status.counter累加其实是累加m.counter。
9、定时任务
API: ok, err = ngx.timer.at(delay, callback, user_arg1, user_arg2, ...)
例子:
local delay = 5
local handler
handler = function (premature)
-- do some routine job in Lua just like a cron job
if premature then
return
end
local ok, err = ngx.timer.at(delay, handler)
if not ok then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "failed to create the timer: ", err)
return
end
end
local ok, err = ngx.timer.at(delay, handler)
if not ok then
ngx.log(ngx.ERR, "failed to create the timer: ", err)
return
end
注意:在timer处理函数的上下文中不能调用ngx.var.、ngx.req.、子请求API、输出API,因为这些API只能在请求上下文中生效。
10、子请求
API:res = ngx.location.capture(uri, options?)
上下文:rewrite_by_lua, access_by_lua, content_by_lua*
例子:
正向代理,当源站返回301或者302时代理客户端跳转
server {
listen 8181;
default_type "text/html";
location /test {
content_by_lua '
local res = ngx.location.capture("/get" .. ngx.var.request_uri, { method = ngx.HTTP_HEAD })
if res.status == 200 then
ngx.exec("/get" .. ngx.var.request_uri)
elseif res.status == 301 or res.status == 302 then
location = res.header["Location"]
local m, err = ngx.re.match(location, "http://([^/]+)(/.*)")
if not m then
ngx.exit(500)
end
host = m[1]
uri = m[2]
ngx.exec("/redirect/" .. host .. "/" .. ngx.var.request_uri)
else
ngx.exit(res.status)
end
';
}
location ~ /redirect/([^/])/([^/]) {
proxy_pass http://$1/$2?$args;
}
location /get {
if ($arg_tag = "1") {
return 302 "http://127.0.0.1:8282/$request_uri";
}
return 200 "ok";
}
}
server {
listen 8282;
default_type "text/html";
location / {
return 200 "redirect ok, args: $args";
}
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8181/test?tag=0" -i
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Tengine/2.2.0
Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 15:17:10 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 2
Connection: keep-alive
ok
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8181/test?tag=1" -i
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Tengine/2.2.0
Date: Mon, 26 Oct 2015 15:17:14 GMT
Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 19
Connection: keep-alive
redirect ok, args: tag=1
root@j9 ~#
可见,当传tag为1时,返回的值就是想要的值,不需要再302重定向了。
注意,子请求只能请求本server的非@location。
另外一个需要注意的是,发起子请求之前修改的变量在子请求的location中是获取不到的,这是因为变量的上下文是在请求结构体r中,而子请求是挂在主请求下面,是两个不同的请求。
实验:
server {
listen 8383;
default_type "text/html";
set $cc "cc";
location /test {
content_by_lua '
ngx.var.cc = "11"
local res = ngx.location.capture("/get" .. ngx.var.request_uri)
if res.status == 200 then
ngx.say(res.body)
ngx.say("test cc: ", ngx.var.cc)
else
ngx.exit(res.status)
end
';
}
location /get {
content_by_lua '
ngx.say("get cc: ", ngx.var.cc)
ngx.var.cc = "22"
';
}
}
结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8383/test"
get cc: cc
test cc: 11
root@j9 ~#
11、location @xx
server {
listen 8484;
default_type "text/html";
set $cc "2";
location / {
content_by_lua '
ngx.var.cc = "5";
if ngx.var.arg_location == "at" then
ngx.exec("@cc")
else
ngx.exec("/cc")
end
';
}
location @cc {
return 200 "this is @cc location, cc: $cc";
}
location /cc {
return 200 "this is /cc location, cc: $cc";
}
}
测试结果:
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8484/?location=at"
this is @cc location, cc: 5
root@j9 ~# curl "http://127.0.0.1:8484/"
this is /cc location, cc: 2
root@j9 ~#
在ngx.exec跳转之前已经把变量cc的值改成5了,但可以看出这两种跳转方式变量cc的值不一样,这是因为ngx.exec跳转到@cc这个location时,从location rewrite阶段开始执行,而跳转到/cc这个location时是从server rewrite阶段开始执行,而set指令是在server块,就是在这个阶段得到执行的,所以$cc又被赋值成2了。