My favorite question during Interview for people to work as MySQL DBAs or be involved with MySQL Performance in some way is to ask them what should be tuned in MySQL Server straight after installation, assuming it was installed with default settings.
在面试MySQL DBA或者那些打算做MySQL性能优化的人时，我最喜欢问题是：MySQL服务器按照默认设置安装完之后，应该做哪些方面的调节呢?
I’m surprised how many people fail to provide any reasonable answer to this question, and how many servers are where in wild which are running with default settings.
令我很惊讶的是，有多少人对这个问题无法给出合理的答案，又有多少服务器都运行在默认的设置下。
Even though you can tune quite a lot of variables in MySQL Servers only few of them are really important for most common workload. After you get these settings right other changes will most commonly offer only incremental performance improvements.
尽管你可以调节很多MySQL服务器上的变量，但是在大多数通常的工作负载下，只有少数几个才真正重要。如果你把这些变量设置正确了，那么修改其他变量最多只能对系统性能改善有一定提升。
key_buffer_size - Very important if you use MyISAM tables. Set up to 30-40% of available memory if you use MyISAM tables exclusively. Right size depends on amount of indexes, data size and workload - remember MyISAM uses OS cache to cache the data so you need to leave memory for it as well, and data can be much larger than indexes in many cases. Check however if all of key_buffer is used over time - it is not rare to see key_buffer being set to 4G while combined size of .MYI files is just 1GB. This would be just a waste. If you use few MyISAM tables you’ll want to keep it lower but still at least 16-32Mb so it is large enough to accommodate indexes for temporary tables which are created on disk.
key_buffer_size - 这对MyISAM表来说非常重要。如果只是使用MyISAM表，可以把它设置为可用内存的 30-40%。合理的值取决于索引大小、数据量以及负载 -- 记住，MyISAM表会使用操作系统的缓存来缓存数据，因此需要留出部分内存给它们，很多情况下数据比索引大多了。尽管如此，需要总是检查是否所有的 key_buffer 都被利用了 -- .MYI 文件只有 1GB，而 key_buffer 却设置为 4GB 的情况是非常少的。这么做太浪费了。如果你很少使用MyISAM表，那么也保留低于 16-32MB 的 key_buffer_size 以适应给予磁盘的临时表索引所需。
innodb_buffer_pool_size This is very important variable to tune if you’re using Innodb tables. Innodb tables are much more sensitive to buffer size compared to MyISAM. MyISAM may work kind of OK with default key_buffer_size even with large data set but it will crawl with default innodb_buffer_pool_size. Also Innodb buffer pool caches both data and index pages so you do not need to leave space for OS cache so values up to 70-80% of memory often make sense for Innodb only installations. Same rules as for key_buffer apply - if you have small data set and it is not going to grow dramatically do not oversize innodb_buffer_pool_size you might find better use for memory available.
innodb_buffer_pool_size - 这对Innodb表来说非常重要。Innodb相比MyISAM表对缓冲更为敏感。MyISAM可以在默认的 key_buffer_size 设置下运行的可以，然而Innodb在默认的 innodb_buffer_pool_size 设置下却跟蜗牛似的。由于Innodb把数据和索引都缓存起来，无需留给操作系统太多的内存，因此如果只需要用Innodb的话则可以设置它高达 70-80% 的可用内存。一些应用于 key_buffer 的规则有 -- 如果你的数据量不大，并且不会暴增，那么无需把 innodb_buffer_pool_size 设置的太大了。
innodb_additional_pool_size This one does not really affect performance too much, at least on OS with decent memory allocators. Still you might want to have it 20MB (sometimes larger) so you can see how much memory Innodb allocates for misc needs.
innodb_additional_pool_size - 这个选项对性能影响并不太多，至少在有差不多足够内存可分配的操作系统上是这样。不过如果你仍然想设置为 20MB(或者更大)，因此就需要看一下Innodb其他需要分配的内存有多少。
innodb_log_file_size Very important for write intensive workloads especially for large