worker_processes = CPU 数量
user www; worker_processes 1; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log warn; pid /var/run/nginx.pid;
46.3.1. http 配置
自定义缓冲区相关设置
client_body_buffer_size 1K; client_header_buffer_size 1k; client_max_body_size 1k; large_client_header_buffers 2 1k;
超时相关设置
client_body_timeout 10; client_header_timeout 10; keepalive_timeout 65; send_timeout 10;
46.3.2. events
events {
worker_connections 4096;
}
46.3.3. gzip
gzip on; gzip_min_length 1000; gzip_buffers 4 8k; gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/x-javascript application/xml; gzip on; gzip_http_version 1.0; gzip_disable "MSIE [1-6]."; gzip_types text/plain application/x-javascript text/css text/javascript;
gzip_types 压缩类型
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/javascript text/javascript application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss application/json;
text/html 是 gzip_types 默认值，所以不要将text/html加入到gzip_types
测试，验证 gzip 正常工作
neo@netkiller:~/workspace$ curl -s -I -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate' http://img.netkiller.cn/js/react.js | grep gzip Content-Encoding: gzip
如果提示 Content-Encoding: gzip 便是配置正确
不仅仅只能压缩html,js,css还能压缩json
neo@netkiller:~$ curl -s -I -H 'Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate' http://inf.netkiller.cn/list/json/2.json HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx Date: Thu, 15 Dec 2016 03:36:31 GMT Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8 Connection: keep-alive Cache-Control: max-age=60 Access-Control-Allow-Origin: * Access-Control-Allow-Headers: Content-Type,Origin Access-Control-Allow-Methods: GET,OPTIONS Content-Encoding: gzip
46.3.3.1. CDN支持
配置 gzip_proxied any; 后CDN才能识别 gzip
server_tokens off;
gzip on;
gzip_types text/plain text/css application/javascript text/javascript application/x-javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss application/json;
gzip_proxied any;
46.3.4. server_tokens
隐藏nginx版本号
http {
...
server_tokens off;
...
}
46.3.5. ssi
http {
ssi on;
}
location / {
ssi on;
ssi_silent_errors on;
ssi_types text/shtml;
}
ssi on; ssi_silent_errors on; ssi_types text/shtml; ssi_value_length 256; server_names_hash_bucket_size 128; client_header_buffer_size 32k; large_client_header_buffers 4 32k; client_max_body_size 8m;
ssi_silent_errors 默认值是off，开启后在处理SSI文件出错时不输出错误提示:"[an error occurred while processing the directive] "
ssi_types 默认是ssi_types text/html，如果需要shtml支持，则需要设置：ssi_types text/shtml
ssi_value_length 默认值是 256，用于定义SSI参数的长度。
46.3.6. server
46.3.6.1. listen
绑定IP地址
listen 80; 相当于0.0.0.0:80监听所有接口上的IP地址 listen 192.168.0.1 80; listen 192.168.0.1:80;
配置默认主机 default_server
server {
listen 80;
server_name acc.example.net;
...
}
server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name www.example.org;
...
}
46.3.6.2. 单域名虚拟主机
# cat /etc/nginx/conf.d/images.conf
server {
listen 80;
server_name images.example.com;
#charset koi8-r;
access_log /var/log/nginx/images.access.log main;
location / {
root /www/images;
index index.html index.htm;
}
#error_page 404 /404.html;
# redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
#
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
# proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1;
#}
# pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
#
#location ~ \.php$ {
# root html;
# fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
# fastcgi_index index.php;
# fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
# include fastcgi_params;
#}
# deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
# concurs with nginx's one
#
#location ~ /\.ht {
# deny all;
#}
}
绑定多个域名
server_name images.example.com img1.example.com img2.example.com;
使用通配符匹配
server_name *.example.com server_name www.*;
正则匹配
server_name ~^(.+)\.example\.com$; server_name ~^(www\.)?(.+)$;
46.3.6.3. ssl 虚拟主机
mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl
cp your_ssl_certificate to /etc/nginx/ssl
# HTTPS server
#
server {
listen 443;
server_name localhost;
root html;
index index.html index.htm;
ssl on;
#ssl_certificate cert.pem;
ssl_certificate ssl/example.com.pem;
ssl_certificate_key ssl/example.com.key;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_protocols SSLv3 TLSv1;
ssl_ciphers ALL:!ADH:!EXPORT56:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv3:+EXP;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
}
configtest
$ sudo service nginx configtest Testing nginx configuration: nginx.
443 port test
$ openssl s_client -connect www.example.com:443
46.3.6.4. server_name 配置
匹配所有域名
server_name _;
泛解析主机
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.org www.example.org;
...
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name *.example.org;
...
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name mail.*;
...
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name ~^(?<user>.+)\.example\.net$;
...
}
46.3.6.5. root 通过$host智能匹配目录
为每个host创建一个目录太麻烦，
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.netkiller.cn news.netkiller.cn bbs.netkiller.cn;
charset utf-8;
access_log /var/log/nginx/test.access.log main;
location / {
root /www/netkiller.cn/$host;
index index.html index.htm;
}
}
处理主机名中的域
server {
listen 80;
server_name *.example.com example.com;
if ($host = 'example.com' ) {
rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent;
}
if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) {
set $subdomain $1;
set $domain $2.$3;
}
root /www/$domain/$subdomain;
index index.html index.php;
location ~ .*\.(php|shtml)?$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fcgi.conf;
}
}
或者采用这种格式 /www/example.com/www.example.com
root /www/$domain/$host;
更简洁的方法，只需在 /www/下面创建 域名目录即可例如/www/www.example.com
server {
listen 80;
server_name *.example.com example.com;
if ($host = 'example.com' ) {
rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent;
}
root /www/$host;
index index.html index.php;
location ~ .*\.(php|shtml)?$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fcgi.conf;
}
}
46.3.6.6. location
location / {
root /www;
index index.html index.htm;
}
location ~ ^/(config|include)/ {
deny all;
break;
}
引用document_root之外的资源
location / {
root /www/example.com/m.example.com;
try_files $uri $uri/ @proxy;
}
location ^~ /module/ {
root /www/example.com/www.example.com;
}
# 下面的写法是错误的，通过error_log 我们可以看到被定为到/www/example.com/m.example.com/module
location /module/ {
root /www/example.com/www.example.com;
}
46.3.6.7. expires
expires 格式
例 46.1. Expires Examples
expires 1 January, 1970, 00:00:01 GMT; expires 60s; expires 30m; expires 24h; expires 1d; expires max; expires off; expires 24h; expires modified +24h; expires @15h30m; expires 0; expires -1; expires epoch; add_header Cache-Control private;
注意：expires仅仅适用于200, 204, 301, 302,304
单个文件匹配
location ~* \.css$ {
expires 30d;
}
扩展名匹配
#图片类资源缓存5天，并且不记录请求日志
location ~ .*\.(ico|gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf)$
{
expires 5d;
access_log off;
}
#css/js 缓存一天，不记录请求日志
location ~ .*\.(js|css)$
{
access_log off;
expires 1d;
add_header Pragma public;
add_header Cache-Control "public";
}
location ~ .*\.(htm|html|gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|ioc|rar|zip|txt|flv|mid|doc|ppt|pdf|xls|mp3|wma)$
{
expires 30d;
}
location ~ .*\.(js|css)$
{
expires 1h;
}
location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf)$ {
if (-f $request_filename) {
expires 1h;
break;
}
}
location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|gif|css|png|js|ico)$ {
expires max;
}
#cache control: all statics are cacheable for 24 hours
location / {
if ($request_uri ~* \.(ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$) {
expires 72h;
break;
}
}
例 46.2. nginx expires
location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|png|bmp|swf|ico)$ {
expires 1d;
access_log off;
}
location ~ .*\.(js|css)$ {
expires 1d;
access_log off;
}
location ~ .*\.(html|htm)$
{
expires 1d;
access_log off;
}
46.3.6.7.1. 通过 add_header / more_set_headers 设置缓存
add_header 实例
location ~* \.(?:ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)$ {
expires 30d;
add_header Pragma public;
add_header Cache-Control "public";
}
more_set_headers 实例
location ~ \.(ico|pdf|flv|jp?g|png|gif|js|css|webp|swf)(\.gz)?(\?.*)?$ {
more_set_headers 'Cache-Control: max-age=86400';
...
proxy_cache_valid 200 2592000;
...
}
s-maxage 作用于 Proxy
location ~ \.(ico|pdf|flv|jp?g|png|gif|js|css|webp|swf)(\.gz)?(\?.*)?$ {
more_set_headers 'Cache-Control: s-maxage=86400';
}
46.3.6.7.2. $request_uri
if ($request_uri ~* "\.(ico|css|js|gif|jpe?g|png)\?[0-9]+$") {
expires max;
break;
}
下面例子是缓存 /detail/html/5/4/321035.html， 但排除 /detail/html/5/4/0.html
if ($request_uri ~ ^/detail/html/[0-9]+/[0-9]/[^0][0-9]+\.html ) {
expires 1d;
}
46.3.6.7.3. $request_filename
if (-f $request_filename) {
expires 1d;
}
46.3.6.8. access
#防止access文件被下载
location ~ /\.ht {
deny all;
}
location ~ ^/upload/.*\.php$
{
deny all;
}
location ~ ^/static/images/.*\.php$
{
deny all;
}
location ~ /\.ht {
deny all;
}
location ~ .*\.(sqlite|sq3)$ {
deny all;
}
IP 地址
location / {
deny 192.168.0.1;
allow 192.168.1.0/24;
allow 10.1.1.0/16;
allow 2001:0db8::/32;
deny all;
}
限制IP访问*.php文件
location ~ ^/private/.*\.php$
{
allow 222.222.22.35;
allow 192.168.1.0/249;
deny all;
}
46.3.6.9. autoindex
开启目录浏览
# vim /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
location / {
autoindex on;
}
# /etc/init.d/nginx reload Reloading nginx configuration: nginx.
46.3.6.10. try_files
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example.com example.com;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?/$request_uri;
}
location /example {
alias /www/example/;
index index.php index.html;
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
}
location ~ \.php$ {
root html;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /www/example$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
location ~ /\.ht {
deny all;
}
}
46.3.6.11. add_header
# 相关页面设置Cache-Control头信息
if ($request_uri ~* "^/$|^/news/.+/|^/info/.+/") {
add_header Cache-Control max-age=3600;
}
if ($request_uri ~* "^/suggest/|^/categories/") {
add_header Cache-Control max-age=86400;
}
46.3.6.11.1. Cache
add_header Nginx-Cache "HIT from www.example.com"; or add_header Nginx-Cache "$upstream_cache_status from www.example.com";
46.3.6.11.2. Access-Control-Allow
location ~* \.(eot|ttf|woff)$ {
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
}
location /js/ {
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin https://www.mydomain.com/;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods GET,OPTIONS;
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers *;
}
location / {
if ($request_method = OPTIONS ) {
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin "http://example.com";
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods "GET, OPTIONS";
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers "Authorization";
add_header Access-Control-Allow-Credentials "true";
add_header Content-Length 0;
add_header Content-Type text/plain;
return 200;
}
}
46.3.7. HTTP2 配置 SSL证书
46.3.7.1. 自颁发证书
创建自颁发证书，SSL有两种证书模式，单向认证和双向认证，下面是单向认证模式。
mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl cd /etc/nginx/ssl openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:4096 -keyout /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key -out /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.crt Generating a 4096 bit RSA private key ..........++ ..............................................++ writing new private key to '/etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key' ----- You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:Guangdong Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Shenzhen Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:CF Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:CF Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cn Email Address []:netkiller@msn.com
注意: Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cn 要跟你的 nginx server_name api.netkiller.cn 一样。
46.3.7.2. spdy
Nginx 配置 spdy
upstream api.netkiller.cn {
#server api1.netkiller.cn:7000;
#server api2.netkiller.cn backup;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl spdy;
server_name api.netkiller.cn;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/api.netkiller.cn.key;
ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:20m;
ssl_session_timeout 60m;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
charset utf-8;
access_log /var/log/nginx/api.netkiller.cn.access.log;
error_log /var/log/nginx/api.netkiller.cn.error.log;
location / {
proxy_pass http://api.netkiller.cn;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_ignore_client_abort on;
}
#location / {
# proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:7000;
#}
}
spdy 是google提出的标准，现在已经归入 http2 标准，Nginx 1.10 之后建议使用 http2 替代 spdy.
46.3.7.3. HTTP2
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
ssl_certificate server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key server.key;
}
46.3.7.4. 用户访问 HTTP时强制跳转到 HTTPS
497 - normal request was sent to HTTPS
#让http请求重定向到https请求
server {
listen 80;
error_page 497 https://$host$uri?$args;
rewrite ^(.*)$ https://$host$1 permanent;
}
server {
listen 80
listen 443 ssl http2;
ssl_certificate server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key server.key;
error_page 497 https://$host$uri?$args;
if ($scheme = http) {
return 301 https://$server_name$request_uri;
}
}
46.3.7.5. SSL 双向认证
46.3.7.5.1. 生成证书
46.3.7.5.1.1. CA
touch /etc/pki/CA/index.txt echo 00 > /etc/pki/CA/serial 制作 CA 私钥 openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048 制作 CA 根证书（公钥） openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -key ca.key -out ca.crt
46.3.7.5.1.2. 服务器端
服务器端证书
制作服务端私钥 openssl genrsa -out server.pem 2048 openssl rsa -in server.pem -out server.key 生成签发请求 openssl req -new -key server.pem -out server.csr 用 CA 签发 openssl x509 -req -sha256 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -out server.crt
46.3.7.5.1.3. 客户端
生成客户端证书
openssl genrsa -des3 -out client.key 2048 openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr 生成签发请求 openssl req -new -key server.pem -out server.csr 用 CA 签发 openssl ca -in client.csr -cert ca.crt -keyfile ca.key -out client.crt -days 3650
46.3.7.5.1.4. 浏览器证书
生成浏览器证书
openssl pkcs12 -export -inkey client.key -in client.crt -out client.pfx
46.3.7.5.1.5. SOAP 证书
cat client.crt client.key > soap.pem
$header = array( 'local_cert' => "soap.pem", //client.pem文件路径 'passphrase' => "passw0rd" //client证书密码 ); $client = new SoapClient(FILE_WSDL, $header);
46.3.7.5.1.6. 过程演示
例 46.3. Nginx SSL 双向认证，证书生成过程
root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus ...................................................+++ ......................................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl req -new -x509 -days 3650 -key ca.key -out ca.crt You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:GD Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Shenzhen Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:GW Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:DEV Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cn Email Address []:netkiller@msn.com
root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl genrsa -out server.pem 2048 Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus .............+++ ........................................................+++ e is 65537 (0x10001) root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl rsa -in server.pem -out server.key writing RSA key root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl req -new -key server.pem -out server.csr You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated into your certificate request. What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank For some fields there will be a default value, If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. ----- Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:CN State or Province Name (full name) []:GD Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Shenzhen Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:GW Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:DEV Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:api.netkiller.cn Email Address []:netkiller@msn.com Please enter the following 'extra' attributes to be sent with your certificate request A challenge password []: An optional company name []: root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx/ssl % openssl x509 -req -sha256 -in server.csr -CA ca.crt -CAkey ca.key -CAcreateserial -days 3650 -out server.crt Signature ok subject=/C=CN/ST=GD/L=Shenzhen/O=GW/OU=DEV/CN=api.netkiller.cn/emailAddress=netkiller@msn.com Getting CA Private Key
46.3.7.5.2. Nginx 配置
mkdir /etc/nginx/ssl cp server.crt server.key ca.crt /etc/nginx/ssl cd /etc/nginx/ssl
/etc/nginx/conf.d/api.netkiller.cn.conf
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name api.netkiller.cn;
access_log off;
ssl on;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/server.crt;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/server.key;
ssl_client_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/ca.crt;
ssl_verify_client on;
location / {
proxy_pass http://localhost:8443;
}
}
重启 nginx 服务器
root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx % systemctl restart nginx
46.3.7.5.3. 测试双向认证
首先直接请求
root@VM_7_221_centos /etc/nginx % curl -k https://api.netkiller.cn/ <html> <head><title>400 No required SSL certificate was sent</title></head> <body bgcolor="white"> <center><h1>400 Bad Request</h1></center> <center>No required SSL certificate was sent</center> <hr><center>nginx</center> </body> </html>
使用证书请求
curl --insecure --key client.key --cert ./client.crt:123456 https://api.netkiller.cn
注意： --cert 参数需要写入路径和密码
46.3.8. rewrite
Rewrite Flags last - 基本上都用这个Flag。 break - 中止Rewirte，不在继续匹配 redirect - 返回临时重定向的HTTP状态302 permanent - 返回永久重定向的HTTP状态301 文件及目录匹配，其中： -f和!-f用来判断是否存在文件 -d和!-d用来判断是否存在目录 -e和!-e用来判断是否存在文件或目录 -x和!-x用来判断文件是否可执行 正则表达式全部符号解释 ~ 为区分大小写匹配 ~* 为不区分大小写匹配 !~和!~* 分别为区分大小写不匹配及不区分大小写不匹配 (pattern) 匹配 pattern 并获取这一匹配。所获取的匹配可以从产生的 Matches 集合得到，在VBScript 中使用 SubMatches 集合，在JScript 中则使用 $0…$9 属性。要匹配圆括号字符，请使用 ‘\(’ 或 ‘\)’。 ^ 匹配输入字符串的开始位置。 $ 匹配输入字符串的结束位置。
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.example.com example.com ;
if ($host = "example.com" )
{
rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent;
}
if ($host != "www.example.com" )
{
rewrite ^/(.*)$ http://www.example.com/$1 permanent;
}
}
location ~* \.(js|css|jpg|jpeg|gif|png|swf)$ {
if (!-f $request_filename){
rewrite /(.*) http://images.example.com/$1;
}
}
if ($host ~ '(.*)\.static\.example\.com' ) {
set $subdomain $1;
rewrite "^/(.*)$" /$subdomain/$1;
}
46.3.8.1. http get 参数处理
需求如下
原理地址： http://www.netkiller.cn/redirect/index.html?skuid=133 目的地址： http://www.netkiller.cn/to/133.html
注意：nginx rewrite 并不支持http get 参数处理，也就是说“?”之后的内容rewrite根部获取不到。
下面的例子是行不通的
rewrite ^/redirect/index\.html\?skuid=(\d+)$ /to/$1.html permanent ;
我们需要通过正在查出参数，然后赋值一个变量，再将变量传递给rewrite。具体做法是：
server {
listen 80;
server_name www.netkiller.cn;
#charset koi8-r;
access_log /var/log/nginx/test.access.log main;
location / {
root /www/test;
index index.html;
if ($request_uri ~* "^/redirect/index\.html\?skuid=([0-9]+)$") {
set $argv1 $1;
rewrite .* /to/$argv1.html? permanent;
}
}
}
测试结果
[neo@netkiller conf.d]$ curl -I http://www.netkiller.cn/redirect/index.html?skuid=133 HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Server: nginx Date: Tue, 12 Apr 2016 06:59:33 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 178 Location: http://www.netkiller.cn/to/133.html Connection: keep-alive
46.3.8.2. 正则取非
需求如下，除了2015年保留，其他所有页面重定向到新页面
rewrite ^/promotion/(?!2015\/)(.*) https://www.netkiller.cn/promotion.html permanent;
46.3.9. upstream 负载均衡
http {
upstream myapp1 {
server srv1.example.com;
server srv2.example.com;
server srv3.example.com;
}
server {
listen 80;
location / {
proxy_pass http://myapp1;
}
}
}
46.3.9.1. weight 权重配置
upstream myapp1 {
server srv1.example.com weight=3;
server srv2.example.com;
server srv3.example.com;
}
46.3.9.2. backup 实现热备
upstream backend {
server backend1.example.com weight=5;
server backend2.example.com:8080;
server unix:/tmp/backend3;
server backup1.example.com:8080 backup;
server backup2.example.com:8080 backup;
}
server {
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
}
46.3.10. fastcgi
46.3.10.1. spawn-fcgi
config php fastcgi
sudo vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
location ~ \.php$ {
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
Spawn-fcgi
We still need a script to start our fast cgi processes. We will extract one from Lighttpd. and then disable start script of lighttpd
$ sudo apt-get install lighttpd $ sudo chmod -x /etc/init.d/lighttpd
$ sudo touch /usr/bin/php-fastcgi $ sudo vim /usr/bin/php-fastcgi #!/bin/sh /usr/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 9000 -u www-data -f /usr/bin/php5-cgi
fastcgi daemon
$ sudo touch /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgi
$ sudo chmod +x /usr/bin/php-fastcgi
$ sudo vim /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgi
This is also a new empty file, add the following and save:
#!/bin/bash
PHP_SCRIPT=/usr/bin/php-fastcgi
RETVAL=0
case "$1" in
start)
$PHP_SCRIPT
RETVAL=$?
;;
stop)
killall -9 php
RETVAL=$?
;;
restart)
killall -9 php
$PHP_SCRIPT
RETVAL=$?
;;
*)
echo "Usage: nginx-fastcgi {start|stop|restart}"
exit 1
;;
esac
exit $RETVAL
We need to change some permissions to make this all work.
$ sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx-fastcgi
create a test file
sudo vim /var/www/nginx-default/index.php <?php echo phpinfo(); ?>
46.3.10.2. php-fpm
46.3.10.2.1. php5-fpm
sudo apt-get install php5-cli php5-cgi php5-fpm
/etc/init.d/php5-fpm start
46.3.10.2.2. 编译 php-fpm
./configure --prefix=/srv/php-5.3.8 \ --with-config-file-path=/srv/php-5.3.8/etc \ --with-config-file-scan-dir=/srv/php-5.3.8/etc/conf.d \ --enable-fpm \ --with-fpm-user=www \ --with-fpm-group=www \ --with-pear \ --with-curl \ --with-gd \ --with-jpeg-dir \ --with-png-dir \ --with-freetype-dir \ --with-xpm-dir \ --with-iconv \ --with-mcrypt \ --with-mhash \ --with-zlib \ --with-xmlrpc \ --with-xsl \ --with-openssl \ --with-mysql=/srv/mysql-5.5.16-linux2.6-i686 \ --with-mysqli=/srv/mysql-5.5.16-linux2.6-i686/bin/mysql_config \ --with-pdo-mysql=/srv/mysql-5.5.16-linux2.6-i686 \ --with-sqlite=shared \ --with-pdo-sqlite=shared \ --disable-debug \ --enable-zip \ --enable-sockets \ --enable-soap \ --enable-mbstring \ --enable-magic-quotes \ --enable-inline-optimization \ --enable-gd-native-ttf \ --enable-xml \ --enable-ftp \ --enable-exif \ --enable-wddx \ --enable-bcmath \ --enable-calendar \ --enable-sqlite-utf8 \ --enable-shmop \ --enable-dba \ --enable-sysvsem \ --enable-sysvshm \ --enable-sysvmsg make && make install
如果出现 fpm 编译错误，取消--with-mcrypt 可以编译成功。
# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm # chmod 755 /etc/init.d/php-fpm # ln -s /srv/php-5.3.5 /srv/php # cp /srv/php/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /srv/php/etc/php-fpm.conf # cp php.ini-production /srv/php/etc/php.ini
groupadd -g 80 www adduser -o --home /www --uid 80 --gid 80 -c "Web User" www
php-fpm.conf
# grep -v ';' /srv/php-5.3.5/etc/php-fpm.conf | grep -v "^$" [global] pid = run/php-fpm.pid error_log = log/php-fpm.log [www] listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 user = www group = www pm = dynamic pm.max_children = 2048 pm.start_servers = 20 pm.min_spare_servers = 5 pm.max_spare_servers = 35 pm.max_requests = 500
chkconfig --add php-fpm
46.3.10.2.2.1. php-fpm 状态
location /nginx_status {
stub_status on;
access_log off;
allow 202.82.21.12;
deny all;
}
location ~ ^/(status|ping)$ {
access_log off;
allow 202.82.21.12;
deny all;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}
46.3.10.2.3. fastcgi_pass
location ~ ^(.+\.php)(.*)$
{
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_split_path_info ^(.+\.php)(.*)$;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $fastcgi_path_info;
fastcgi_param PATH_TRANSLATED $document_root$fastcgi_path_info;
include fastcgi_params;
}
Unix Socket
location ~ .*\.(php|php5)?$ {
#fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_pass unix:/dev/shm/php-fpm.sock;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi.conf;
}
46.3.11. return
301 跳转
server {
listen 80;
server_name m.example.com;
location / {
return 301 $scheme://www.example.com$request_uri;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
listen 443 ssl;
server_name www.old-name.com;
return 301 $scheme://www.new-name.com$request_uri;
}
46.3.12. Nginx 变量
可用的全局变量
$args $content_length $content_type $document_root $document_uri $host $http_user_agent $http_cookie $http_referer $limit_rate $request_body_file $request_method $remote_addr $remote_port $remote_user $request_filename $request_uri $query_string $scheme $server_protocol $server_addr $server_name $server_port $uri
46.3.12.1. $host
抽取域名中的域，例如www.netkiller.cn 返回netkiller.cn
if ($host ~* ^www\.(.*)) {
set $domain $1;
rewrite ^(.*) http://user.$domain permanent;
}
提取主机
if ($host ~* ^(.+)\.example\.com$) {
set $subdomain $1;
rewrite ^(.*) http://www.example.com/$subdomain permanent;
}
提取 domain 例如 www.netkiller.cn 提取后 netkiller.cn
只处理二级域名 example.com 不处理三级域名
if ($host ~* ^([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)$) {
set $domain $1.$2;
}
处理三级域名
set $domain $host;
if ($host ~* ^([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)\.([^\.]+)$) {
set $domain $2.$3;
}
46.3.12.2. http_user_agent
## Block http user agent - wget ##
if ($http_user_agent ~* (Wget|Curl) ) {
return 403;
}
## Block Software download user agents ##
if ($http_user_agent ~* LWP::Simple|BBBike|wget) {
return 403;
}
if ($http_user_agent ~ (msnbot|scrapbot) ) {
return 403;
}
if ($http_user_agent ~ (Spider|Robot) ) {
return 403;
}
if ($http_user_agent ~ MSIE) {
rewrite ^(.*)$ /msie/$1 break;
}
46.3.12.2.1. 禁止非浏览器访问
禁止非浏览器访问
if ($http_user_agent ~ ^$) {
return 412;
}
测试是否生效
tail -f /var/log/nginx/www.mydomain.com.access.log
telnet 192.168.2.10 80 GET /index.html HTTP/1.0 Host: www.mydomain.com
46.3.12.2.2. http_user_agent 没有设置不允许访问
if ($http_user_agent = "") { return 403; }
验证测试，首先使用curl -A 指定一个 空的User Agent，应该返回 403.
curl -A "" http://www.example.com/xml/data.json <html> <head><title>403 Forbidden</title></head> <body bgcolor="white"> <center><h1>403 Forbidden</h1></center> <hr><center>nginx</center> </body> </html>
46.3.12.3. http_referer
if ($http_referer ~* "PHP/5.2.14"){return 403;}
46.3.12.3.1. valid_referers/invalid_referer
valid_referers none blocked *.example.com example.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
#rewrite ^(.*)$ http://www.example.com/cn/$1;
return 403;
}
46.3.12.4. request_filename
location / {
root /www/mydomain.com/info.mydomain.com;
index index.html;
rewrite ^/$ http://www.mydomain.com/;
valid_referers none blocked *.mydomain.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
return 403;
}
proxy_intercept_errors on;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
if (!-f $request_filename) {
proxy_pass http://old.mydomain.com;
break;
}
}
46.3.12.5. request_uri
server {
listen 80;
server_name quote.mydomain.com;
charset utf-8;
access_log /var/log/nginx/quote.mydomain.com.access.log main;
location / {
root /www/mydomain.com/info.mydomain.com;
index index.html ;
rewrite ^/$ http://www.mydomain.com/;
valid_referers none blocked *.mydomain.com;
if ($invalid_referer) {
#rewrite ^(.*)$ http://www.mydomain.com/cn/$1;
return 403;
}
proxy_intercept_errors on;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
if ( $request_uri ~ "^/xml/(sge|cgse|futures|stock|bonds)\.xml$") {
proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/$request_uri;
break;
}
if (!-f $request_filename) {
proxy_pass http://cms.mydomain.com;
break;
}
}
location ~ \.xml$ {
proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/public/datas$request_uri;
break;
}
location ~* ^/public/datas/\w+\.xml$ {
proxy_pass http://21.16.22.12/$request_uri;
break;
}
}
#add for yiiframework
if (!-e $request_filename){
rewrite (.*) /index.php break;
}
location ~ .*\.php?$
{
#fastcgi_pass unix:/tmp/php-cgi.sock;
include fcgi.conf;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:10080;
fastcgi_index index.php;
set $path_info $request_uri;
if ($request_uri ~ "^(.*)(\?.*)$") {
set $path_info $1;
}
fastcgi_param PATH_INFO $path_info;
}
#end for yiiframework
46.3.12.6. remote_addr
location /name/(match) {
if ($remote_addr !~ ^10.10.20) {
limit_rate 10k;
}
proxy_buffering off;
proxy_pass http://10.10.20.1/${1}.html;
}
if ($remote_addr ~* "192.168.0.50|192.168.0.51|192.168.0.56") {
proxy_pass http://www.netkiller.cn/error;
}
location ~ /(\d+) {
if ($remote_addr ~ (\d+)\.\d+\.) {
}
echo $1;
}
$ curl 127.0.0.1/134 127 $ curl 192.168.0.1/134 192
46.3.12.7. http_cookie
if ($http_cookie ~* "id=([^;]+)(?:;|$)") {
set $id $1;
}
46.3.12.8. request_method
location ~* /restful {
if ($request_method = PUT ) {
return 403;
}
if ($request_method = DELETE ) {
return 403;
}
if ($request_method = POST ) {
return 403;
}
proxy_method GET;
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
if ($request_method = POST) {
return 405;
}
if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|HEAD|POST)$) {
return 403;
}
46.3.12.9. limit_except
limit_except GET {
allow 192.168.1.1;
deny all;
}
46.3.12.10. invalid_referer
if ($invalid_referer) {
return 403;
}
46.3.12.11. $request_body - HTTP POST 数据
46.3.12.11.1. 用户日志
将 POST 数据记录到日志中
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for" - "$request_body"';
注意：用户登录通常使用POST方式，所以记录POST数据到日志会带来安全问题，例如用户密码泄露。
46.3.12.11.2. $request_body 用于缓存
因为nginx 使用 url 作为缓存的key ( Nginx 将url地址 md5后作为缓存的 key )，所以默认情况下 Nginx 只能处理 HTTP GET 缓存。
对于 HTTP POST 请求，提交数据放在HTTP Head 头部提交到服务器的， 提交前后URL始终不变，Nginx 无法区分相同网址两次请求的内容有变化。
但是我们可以自定义 缓存 key 例如： "$request_uri|$request_body" 我们将请求地址加上post内容作为缓存的key，这样nginx 便可以区分每次提交后的页面变化。
proxy_cache_path /tmp/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=netkiller:128m inactive=1m;
server {
listen 8080;
server_name localhost;
location / {
try_files $uri @backend;
}
location @backend {
proxy_pass http://node1.netkiller.cn:8080;
proxy_cache netkiller;
proxy_cache_methods POST;
proxy_cache_key "$request_uri|$request_body";
proxy_buffers 8 32k;
proxy_buffer_size 64k;
proxy_cache_valid 5s;
proxy_cache_use_stale updating;
add_header X-Cached $upstream_cache_status;
}
}
46.3.12.12. 自定义变量
if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) {
set $subdomain $1;
}
location / {
root /www/$subdomain;
index index.html index.php;
}
if ( $host ~* (\b(?!www\b)\w+)\.\w+\.\w+ ) {
set $subdomain /$1;
}
location / {
root /www/public_html$subdomain;
index index.html index.php;
}
46.3.12.13. if 条件判断
判断相等
if ($query_string = "") {
set $args "";
}
正则匹配
if ( $host ~* (.*)\.(.*)\.(.*)) {
set $subdomain $1;
}
location / {
root /var/www/$subdomain;
index index.html index.php;
}
if ($remote_addr ~ "^(172.16|192.168)" && $http_user_agent ~* "spider") {
return 403;
}
set $flag 0;
if ($remote_addr ~ "^(172.16|192.168)") {
set $flag "1";
}
if ($http_user_agent ~* "spider") {
set $flag "1";
}
if ($flag = "1") {
return 403;
}
if ($request_method = POST ) {
return 405;
}
if ($args ~ post=140){
rewrite ^ http://example.com/ permanent;
}
location /only-one-if {
set $true 1;
if ($true) {
add_header X-First 1;
}
if ($true) {
add_header X-Second 2;
}
return 204;
}
原文出处：Netkiller 系列 手札
本文作者：陈景峯
转载请与作者联系，同时请务必标明文章原始出处和作者信息及本声明。
时间： 2024-09-28 14:35:25