注解是我们经常接触的技术,Java有注解,Android也有注解,本文将试图介绍Android中的注解,以及ButterKnife和Otto这些基于注解的库的一些工作原理.
归纳而言,Android中的注解大概有以下好处
提高我们的开发效率 更早的发现程序的问题或者错误 更好的增加代码的描述能力 更加利于我们的一些规范约束 提供解决问题的更优解
准备工作
默认情况下,Android中的注解包并没有包括在framework中,它独立成一个单独的包,通常我们需要引入这个包.
dependencies { compile 'com.android.support:support-annotations:22.2.0' }
但是如果我们已经引入了appcompat则没有必要再次引用support-annotations,因为appcompat默认包含了对其引用.
替代枚举
在最早的时候,当我们想要做一些值得限定实现枚举的效果,通常是
1.定义几个常量用于限定
2.从上面的常量选取值进行使用
一个比较描述上面问题的示例代码如下
public static final int COLOR_RED = 0; public static final int COLOR_GREEN = 1; public static final int COLOR_YELLOW = 2; public void setColor(int color) { //some code here } //调用 setColor(COLOR_RED)
然而上面的还是有不尽完美的地方
setColor(COLOR_RED)与setColor(0)效果一样,而后者可读性很差,但却可以正常运行
setColor方法可以接受枚举之外的值,比如setColor(3),这种情况下程序可能出问题
一个相对较优的解决方法就是使用Java中的Enum.使用枚举实现的效果如下
// ColorEnum.java public enum ColorEmun { RED, GREEN, YELLOW } public void setColorEnum(ColorEmun colorEnum) { //some code here } setColorEnum(ColorEmun.GREEN);
然而Enum也并非最佳,Enum因为其相比方案一的常量来说,占用内存相对大很多而受到曾经被Google列为不建议使用,为此Google特意引入了一些相关的注解来替代枚举.
Android中新引入的替代枚举的注解有IntDef和StringDef,这里以IntDef做例子说明一下.
public class Colors { @IntDef({RED, GREEN, YELLOW}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE) public @interface LightColors{} public static final int RED = 0; public static final int GREEN = 1; public static final int YELLOW = 2; } 声明必要的int常量 声明一个注解为LightColors 使用@IntDef修饰LightColors,参数设置为待枚举的集合 使用@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE)指定注解仅存在与源码中,不加入到class文件中
Null相关的注解
和Null相关的注解有两个
@Nullable 注解的元素可以是Null
@NonNull 注解的元素不能是Null
上面的两个可以修饰如下的元素
成员属性
方法参数
方法的返回值
@Nullable private String obtainReferrerFromIntent(@NonNull Intent intent) { return intent.getStringExtra("apps_referrer"); }
NonNull检测生效的条件
显式传入null
在调用方法之前已经判断了参数为null时
setReferrer(null);//提示警告 //不提示警告 String referrer = getIntent().getStringExtra("apps_referrer"); setReferrer(referrer); //提示警告 String referrer = getIntent().getStringExtra("apps_referrer"); if (referrer == null) { setReferrer(referrer); } private void setReferrer(@NonNull String referrer) { //some code here }
区间范围注解
Android中的IntRange和FloatRange是两个用来限定区间范围的注解,
float currentProgress; public void setCurrentProgress(@FloatRange(from=0.0f, to=1.0f) float progress) { currentProgress = progress; }
如果我们传入非法的值,如下所示
setCurrentProgress(11);
就会得到这样的错误
Value must be >=0.0 and <= 1.0(was 11)
长度以及数组大小限制
限制字符串的长度
private void setKey(@Size(6) String key) {
}
限定数组集合的大小
private void setData(@Size(max = 1) String[] data) { } setData(new String[]{"b", "a"});//error occurs
限定特殊的数组长度,比如3的倍数
private void setItemData(@Size(multiple = 3) String[] data) {
}
权限相关
在Android中,有很多场景都需要使用权限,无论是Marshmallow之前还是之后的动态权限管理.都需要在manifest中进行声明,如果忘记了,则会导致程序崩溃. 好在有一个注解能辅助我们避免这个问题.使用RequiresPermission注解即可.
@RequiresPermission(Manifest.permission.SET_WALLPAPER) public void changeWallpaper(Bitmap bitmap) throws IOException { }
资源注解
在Android中几乎所有的资源都可以有对应的资源id.比如获取定义的字符串,我们可以通过下面的方法
public String getStringById(int stringResId) { return getResources().getString(stringResId); }
使用这个方法,我们可以很容易的获取到定义的字符串,但是这样的写法也存在着风险.
getStringById(R.mipmap.ic_launcher)
如果我们在不知情或者疏忽情况下,传入这样的值,就会出现问题. 但是如果我们使用资源相关的注解修饰了参数,就能很大程度上避免错误的情况.
public String getStringById(@StringRes int stringResId) { return getResources().getString(stringResId); }
在Android中资源注解如下所示
AnimRes AnimatorRes AnyRes ArrayRes AttrRes BoolRes ColorRes DimenRes DrawableRes FractionRes IdRes IntegerRes InterpolatorRes LayoutRes MenuRes PluralsRes RawRes StringRes StyleRes StyleableRes TransitionRes XmlRes
Color值限定
上面部分提到了ColorRes,用来限定颜色资源id,这里我们将使用ColorInt,一个用来限定Color值的注解. 在较早的TextView的setTextColor是这样实现的.
public void setTextColor(int color) { mTextColor = ColorStateList.valueOf(color); updateTextColors(); }
然而上面的方法在调用时常常会出现这种情况
myTextView.setTextColor(R.color.colorAccent);
如上,如果传递过去的参数为color的资源id就会出现颜色取错误的问题,这个问题在过去还是比较严重的.好在ColorInt出现了,改变了这一问题.
public void setTextColor(@ColorInt int color) { mTextColor = ColorStateList.valueOf(color); updateTextColors(); }
当我们再次传入Color资源值时,就会得到错误的提示.
CheckResult
这是一个关于返回结果的注解，用来注解方法，如果一个方法得到了结果，却没有使用这个结果，就会有错误出现，一旦出现这种错误，就说明你没有正确使用该方法。
@CheckResult public String trim(String s) { return s.trim(); }
线程相关
Android中提供了四个与线程相关的注解
@UiThread,通常可以等同于主线程,标注方法需要在UIThread执行,比如View类就使用这个注解 @MainThread 主线程,经常启动后创建的第一个线程 @WorkerThread 工作者线程,一般为一些后台的线程,比如AsyncTask里面的doInBackground就是这样的. @BinderThread 注解方法必须要在BinderThread线程中执行,一般使用较少.
一些示例
new AsyncTask<Void, Void, Void>() { //doInBackground is already annotated with @WorkerThread @Override protected Void doInBackground(Void... params) { return null; updateViews();//error } }; @UiThread public void updateViews() { Log.i(LOGTAG, "updateViews ThreadInfo=" + Thread.currentThread()); }
注意,这种情况下不会出现错误提示
new Thread(){ @Override public void run() { super.run(); updateViews(); } }.start();
虽然updateViews会在一个新的工作者线程中执行,但是在compile时没有错误提示.
因为它的判断依据是,如果updateView的线程注解(这里为@UiThread)和run(没有线程注解)不一致才会错误提示.如果run方法没有线程注解,则不提示.
CallSuper
重写的方法必须要调用super方法
使用这个注解,我们可以强制方法在重写时必须调用父类的方法 比如Application的onCreate,onConfigurationChanged等.
Keep
在Android编译生成APK的环节,我们通常需要设置minifyEnabled为true实现下面的两个效果
混淆代码
删除没有用的代码
但是出于某一些目的,我们需要不混淆某部分代码或者不删除某处代码,除了配置复杂的Proguard文件之外,我们还可以使用@Keep注解 .
@Keep public static int getBitmapWidth(Bitmap bitmap) { return bitmap.getWidth(); }
ButterKnife
ButterKnife是一个用来绑定View,资源和回调的提高效率的工具.作者为Jake Wharton. ButterKnife的好处
使用BindView替代繁琐的findViewById和类型转换 使用OnClick注解方法来替换显式声明的匿名内部类 使用BindString,BindBool,BindDrawable等注解实现资源获取
一个摘自GIthub 的示例
class ExampleActivity extends Activity { @BindView(R.id.user) EditText username; @BindView(R.id.pass) EditText password; @BindString(R.string.login_error) String loginErrorMessage; @OnClick(R.id.submit) void submit() { // TODO call server... } @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.simple_activity); ButterKnife.bind(this); // TODO Use fields... } }
ButterKnife工作原理
以BindView注解使用为例,示例代码为
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity { @BindView(R.id.myTextView) TextView myTextView; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); ButterKnife.bind(this); } }
1.程序在compile时,会根据注解自动生成两个类,这里为MainActivity_ViewBinder.class和MainActivity_ViewBinding.class
2.当我们调用ButterKnife.bind(this);时,会查找当前类对应的ViewBinder类,并调用bind方法,这里会调用到MainActiivty_ViewBinder.bind方法.
3.MainActiivty_ViewBinder.bind方法实际上是调用了findViewById然后在进行类型转换,赋值给MainActivity的myTextView属性
ButterKnife的bind方法
public static Unbinder bind(@NonNull Activity target) { return getViewBinder(target).bind(Finder.ACTIVITY, target, target); }
ButterKnife的getViewBinder和findViewBinderForClass
@NonNull @CheckResult @UiThread static ViewBinder<Object> getViewBinder(@NonNull Object target) { Class<?> targetClass = target.getClass(); if (debug) Log.d(TAG, "Looking up view binder for " + targetClass.getName()); return findViewBinderForClass(targetClass); } @NonNull @CheckResult @UiThread private static ViewBinder<Object> findViewBinderForClass(Class<?> cls) { //如果内存集合BINDERS中包含,则不再查找 ViewBinder<Object> viewBinder = BINDERS.get(cls); if (viewBinder != null) { if (debug) Log.d(TAG, "HIT: Cached in view binder map."); return viewBinder; } String clsName = cls.getName(); if (clsName.startsWith("android.") || clsName.startsWith("java.")) { if (debug) Log.d(TAG, "MISS: Reached framework class. Abandoning search."); return NOP_VIEW_BINDER; } //noinspection TryWithIdenticalCatches Resolves to API 19+ only type. try { //使用反射创建实例 Class<?> viewBindingClass = Class.forName(clsName + "_ViewBinder"); //noinspection unchecked viewBinder = (ViewBinder<Object>) viewBindingClass.newInstance(); if (debug) Log.d(TAG, "HIT: Loaded view binder class."); } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { //如果没有找到,对父类进行查找 if (debug) Log.d(TAG, "Not found. Trying superclass " + cls.getSuperclass().getName()); viewBinder = findViewBinderForClass(cls.getSuperclass()); } catch (InstantiationException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Unable to create view binder for " + clsName, e); } catch (IllegalAccessException e) { throw new RuntimeException("Unable to create view binder for " + clsName, e); } //加入内存集合,便于后续的查找 BINDERS.put(cls, viewBinder); return viewBinder; }
MainActivity_ViewBinder的反编译源码
➜ androidannotationsample javap -c MainActivity_ViewBinder Warning: Binary file MainActivity_ViewBinder contains com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity_ViewBinder Compiled from "MainActivity_ViewBinder.java" public final class com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity_ViewBinder implements butterknife.internal.ViewBinder<com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity> { public com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity_ViewBinder(); Code: 0: aload_0 1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V 4: return public butterknife.Unbinder bind(butterknife.internal.Finder, com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity, java.lang.Object); Code: 0: new #2 // class com/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity_ViewBinding 3: dup 4: aload_2 5: aload_1 6: aload_3 // 创建ViewBinding实例 7: invokespecial #3 // Method com/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity_ViewBinding."<init>":(Lcom/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity;Lbutterknife/internal/Finder;Ljava/lang/Object;)V 10: areturn public butterknife.Unbinder bind(butterknife.internal.Finder, java.lang.Object, java.lang.Object); Code: 0: aload_0 1: aload_1 2: aload_2 3: checkcast #4 // class com/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity 6: aload_3 //调用上面的重载方法 7: invokevirtual #5 // Method bind:(Lbutterknife/internal/Finder;Lcom/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity;Ljava/lang/Object;)Lbutterknife/Unbinder; 10: areturn }
MainActivity_ViewBinding的反编译源码
➜ androidannotationsample javap -c MainActivity_ViewBinding Warning: Binary file MainActivity_ViewBinding contains com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity_ViewBinding Compiled from "MainActivity_ViewBinding.java" public class com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity_ViewBinding<T extends com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity> implements butterknife.Unbinder { protected T target; public com.example.admin.androidannotationsample.MainActivity_ViewBinding(T, butterknife.internal.Finder, java.lang.Object); Code: 0: aload_0 1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V 4: aload_0 5: aload_1 6: putfield #2 // Field target:Lcom/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity; 9: aload_1 10: aload_2 11: aload_3 //调用Finder.findRequireViewAsType找到View,并进行类型转换,并复制给MainActivity中对一个的变量 12: ldc #4 // int 2131427412 14: ldc #5 // String field 'myTextView' 16: ldc #6 // class android/widget/TextView // 内部实际调用了findViewById 18: invokevirtual #7 // Method butterknife/internal/Finder.findRequiredViewAsType:(Ljava/lang/Object;ILjava/lang/String;Ljava/lang/Class;)Ljava/lang/Object; 21: checkcast #6 // class android/widget/TextView 24: putfield #8 // Field com/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity.myTextView:Landroid/widget/TextView; 27: return public void unbind(); Code: 0: aload_0 1: getfield #2 // Field target:Lcom/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity; 4: astore_1 5: aload_1 6: ifnonnull 19 9: new #9 // class java/lang/IllegalStateException 12: dup 13: ldc #10 // String Bindings already cleared. 15: invokespecial #11 // Method java/lang/IllegalStateException."<init>":(Ljava/lang/String;)V 18: athrow 19: aload_1 20: aconst_null // 解除绑定,设置对应的变量为null 21: putfield #8 // Field com/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity.myTextView:Landroid/widget/TextView; 24: aload_0 25: aconst_null 26: putfield #2 // Field target:Lcom/example/admin/androidannotationsample/MainActivity; 29: return }
Finder的源码
package butterknife.internal; import android.app.Activity; import android.app.Dialog; import android.content.Context; import android.support.annotation.IdRes; import android.view.View; @SuppressWarnings("UnusedDeclaration") // Used by generated code. public enum Finder { VIEW { @Override public View findOptionalView(Object source, @IdRes int id) { return ((View) source).findViewById(id); } @Override public Context getContext(Object source) { return ((View) source).getContext(); } @Override protected String getResourceEntryName(Object source, @IdRes int id) { final View view = (View) source; // In edit mode, getResourceEntryName() is unsupported due to use of BridgeResources if (view.isInEditMode()) { return "<unavailable while editing>"; } return super.getResourceEntryName(source, id); } }, ACTIVITY { @Override public View findOptionalView(Object source, @IdRes int id) { return ((Activity) source).findViewById(id); } @Override public Context getContext(Object source) { return (Activity) source; } }, DIALOG { @Override public View findOptionalView(Object source, @IdRes int id) { return ((Dialog) source).findViewById(id); } @Override public Context getContext(Object source) { return ((Dialog) source).getContext(); } }; //查找对应的Finder,如上面的ACTIVITY, DIALOG, VIEW public abstract View findOptionalView(Object source, @IdRes int id); public final <T> T findOptionalViewAsType(Object source, @IdRes int id, String who, Class<T> cls) { View view = findOptionalView(source, id); return castView(view, id, who, cls); } public final View findRequiredView(Object source, @IdRes int id, String who) { View view = findOptionalView(source, id); if (view != null) { return view; } String name = getResourceEntryName(source, id); throw new IllegalStateException("Required view '" + name + "' with ID " + id + " for " + who + " was not found. If this view is optional add '@Nullable' (fields) or '@Optional'" + " (methods) annotation."); } //来自ViewBinding的调用 public final <T> T findRequiredViewAsType(Object source, @IdRes int id, String who, Class<T> cls) { View view = findRequiredView(source, id, who); return castView(view, id, who, cls); } public final <T> T castView(View view, @IdRes int id, String who, Class<T> cls) { try { return cls.cast(view); } catch (ClassCastException e) { String name = getResourceEntryName(view, id); throw new IllegalStateException("View '" + name + "' with ID " + id + " for " + who + " was of the wrong type. See cause for more info.", e); } } @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // That's the point. public final <T> T castParam(Object value, String from, int fromPos, String to, int toPos) { try { return (T) value; } catch (ClassCastException e) { throw new IllegalStateException("Parameter #" + (fromPos + 1) + " of method '" + from + "' was of the wrong type for parameter #" + (toPos + 1) + " of method '" + to + "'. See cause for more info.", e); } } protected String getResourceEntryName(Object source, @IdRes int id) { return getContext(source).getResources().getResourceEntryName(id); } public abstract Context getContext(Object source); }
Otto
Otto Bus 是一个专为Android改装的Event Bus,在很多项目中都有应用.由Square开源共享.
public class EventBusTest { private static final String LOGTAG = "EventBusTest"; Bus mBus = new Bus(); public void test() { mBus.register(this); } class NetworkChangedEvent { } @Produce public NetworkChangedEvent sendNetworkChangedEvent() { return new NetworkChangedEvent(); } @Subscribe public void onNetworkChanged(NetworkChangedEvent event) { Log.i(LOGTAG, "onNetworkChanged event=" + event); } }
Otto 的工作原理
使用@Produce和@Subscribe标记方法 当调用bus.register方法,去检索注册对象的标记方法,并cache映射关系 当post事件时,将事件与handler方法对应加入事件队列 抽取事件队列,然后调用handler处理
如下为对Otto如何利用注解的分析
register的源码
public void register(Object object) { if (object == null) { throw new NullPointerException("Object to register must not be null."); } enforcer.enforce(this); //查找object中的Subscriber Map<Class<?>, Set<EventHandler>> foundHandlersMap = handlerFinder.findAllSubscribers(object); for (Class<?> type : foundHandlersMap.keySet()) { Set<EventHandler> handlers = handlersByType.get(type); if (handlers == null) { //concurrent put if absent Set<EventHandler> handlersCreation = new CopyOnWriteArraySet<EventHandler>(); handlers = handlersByType.putIfAbsent(type, handlersCreation); if (handlers == null) { handlers = handlersCreation; } } final Set<EventHandler> foundHandlers = foundHandlersMap.get(type); if (!handlers.addAll(foundHandlers)) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Object already registered."); } } for (Map.Entry<Class<?>, Set<EventHandler>> entry : foundHandlersMap.entrySet()) { Class<?> type = entry.getKey(); EventProducer producer = producersByType.get(type); if (producer != null && producer.isValid()) { Set<EventHandler> foundHandlers = entry.getValue(); for (EventHandler foundHandler : foundHandlers) { if (!producer.isValid()) { break; } if (foundHandler.isValid()) { dispatchProducerResultToHandler(foundHandler, producer); } } } } }
HandlerFinder源码
interface HandlerFinder { Map<Class<?>, EventProducer> findAllProducers(Object listener); Map<Class<?>, Set<EventHandler>> findAllSubscribers(Object listener); //Otto注解查找器 HandlerFinder ANNOTATED = new HandlerFinder() { @Override public Map<Class<?>, EventProducer> findAllProducers(Object listener) { return AnnotatedHandlerFinder.findAllProducers(listener); } @Override public Map<Class<?>, Set<EventHandler>> findAllSubscribers(Object listener) { return AnnotatedHandlerFinder.findAllSubscribers(listener); } };
具体查找实现
/** This implementation finds all methods marked with a {@link Subscribe} annotation. */ static Map<Class<?>, Set<EventHandler>> findAllSubscribers(Object listener) { Class<?> listenerClass = listener.getClass(); Map<Class<?>, Set<EventHandler>> handlersInMethod = new HashMap<Class<?>, Set<EventHandler>>(); Map<Class<?>, Set<Method>> methods = SUBSCRIBERS_CACHE.get(listenerClass); if (null == methods) { methods = new HashMap<Class<?>, Set<Method>>(); loadAnnotatedSubscriberMethods(listenerClass, methods); } if (!methods.isEmpty()) { for (Map.Entry<Class<?>, Set<Method>> e : methods.entrySet()) { Set<EventHandler> handlers = new HashSet<EventHandler>(); for (Method m : e.getValue()) { handlers.add(new EventHandler(listener, m)); } handlersInMethod.put(e.getKey(), handlers); } } return handlersInMethod; }
以上就是关于Android中注解的一些总结,文章部分内容参考自 Support Annotations ,希望能帮助大家对注解有基础的认识,并运用到实际的日常开发之中.
以上就对Android 注解资料的整理，后续继续补充，谢谢大家对本站的支持！