上一篇文章介绍了基本知识后,本篇该介绍下现实中的一对多的关联关系。如Customer和Order,一个Customer可以拥有多个Order,每个Order只属于一个Customer。这样就存在几种表示形式,可以分为单向关联和双向关联。
形式1:Order拥有一个Customer引用,这种属于单向关联
形式2:Customer拥有Order的集合,这种也属于单向关联
形式3:Order拥有一个Customer引用,同时Customer拥有Order集合,这种属于双向关联
先来说说形式1:Order拥有一个Customer引用
Customer还是上一篇文章的形式:
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public class Customer {
private Long id;
private String name;
private String email;
private Timestamp registeredTime;
//省略get、set方法
}
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customer表的信息是:
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CREATE TABLE `customer` (
`id` int (11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
` name ` varchar (45) DEFAULT '' ,
`email` varchar (45) DEFAULT '' ,
`registeredTime` timestamp NULL DEFAULT NULL ,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
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它的映射文件为Customer.hbm.xml:
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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd" >
<hibernate-mapping>
< class name= "com.ligang.domain.Customer" table= "customer" >
<id name= "id" column= "id" type= "long" >
<generator class = "identity" />
</id>
<property name= "name" column= "name" type= "string" />
<property name= "email" column= "email" type= "string" />
<property name= "registeredTime" column= "registeredTime" type= "timestamp" />
</ class >
</hibernate-mapping>
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然后是Order类:
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public class Order {
private Long id;
private String orderNumber;
private Customer customer;
//省略get、set方法
}
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order表的信息如下:
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CREATE TABLE ` order ` (
`id` int (11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`orderNumber` varchar (45) DEFAULT '' ,
`customer_id` int (11) DEFAULT NULL ,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
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对应的映射文件为Order.hbm.xml:
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<?xml version= "1.0" encoding= "UTF-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd" >
<hibernate-mapping>
< class name= "com.ligang.domain.Order" table= "order" >
<id name= "id" column= "id" type= "long" >
<generator class = "identity" />
</id>
<property name= "orderNumber" column= "orderNumber" type= "string" />
<many-to-one name= "customer" column= "customer_id" class = "com.ligang.domain.Customer" />
</ class >
</hibernate-mapping>
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然后我们看下这种单向关联的形式的增添和查询。增添如下:
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@Test
public void testAddOrder(){
Session session=hibernateDao.getSession();
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
Customer customer= new Customer();
customer.setName( "校长" );
customer.setEmail( "sdsd@qq.com" );
customer.setRegisteredTime(getCurrentTime());
session.save(customer);
System.out.println(customer.getId()+ ":" +customer.getName());
Order order1= new Order();
order1.setCustomer(customer);
order1.setOrderNumber( "第一个订单" );
Order order2= new Order();
order2.setCustomer(customer);
order2.setOrderNumber( "第二个订单" );
session.save(order1);
session.save(order2);
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
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这个过程先保存了Customer对象,然后保存了Order对象,此时一切正常,如下sql语句:
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Hibernate: insert into hibernate.customer (name, email, registeredTime) values (?, ?, ?)
33 :校长
Hibernate: insert into hibernate.order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate.order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
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然而当我们不保存Customer对象时,即不执行上述的session.save(customer),则会报如下错误:
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org.hibernate.TransientObjectException: object references an unsaved transient instance - save the transient instance before flushing: com.ligang.domain.Customer
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说Order对象引用了未保存的Customer对象,如果希望customer_id可以为空,单独保存Order,则需要在Order.hbm.xml中指明customer_id字段是可以为空的,即not-null="false"(默认就是false,所以不用再设置)。同时,不能执行setCustomer(customer);这样的语句,要保留Customer为空,一旦不为空,并且属于没有保存的对象,则就会报上述错误。
如果希望,在保存Order的时候,同时级联的保存Customer对象,则需要在Order.hbm.xml中指明customer_id字段的cascade="save-update",此时就会保存或者更新Order的同时级联的保存
Customer对象,如下sql:
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null :校长
Hibernate: insert into hibernate.customer (name, email, registeredTime) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate.order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate.order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
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对于查询Order,如下:
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@Test
public void testGetOrder(){
Session session=hibernateDao.getSession();
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
Order order=(Order)session.get(Order. class ,9L);
System.out.println(order.getOrderNumber());
System.out.println(order.getCustomer().getName());
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
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查询sql如下:
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Hibernate: select order0_.id as id1_1_0_, order0_.orderNumber as orderNum2_1_0_, order0_.customer_id as customer3_1_0_ from hibernate.order order0_ where order0_.id=?
第二个订单
Hibernate: select customer0_.id as id1_0_0_, customer0_.name as name2_0_0_, customer0_.email as email3_0_0_, customer0_.registeredTime as register4_0_0_ from hibernate.customer customer0_ where customer0_.id=?
校长
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会先去查询Order信息,然后当你使用到customer时,才会进一步去查询Customer信息,这就是延迟加载,此时的customer对象仅仅是一个代理对象。如果你想查询Order信息时同时把Customer信息查询出来,就需要在Order.hbm.xml的customer_id字段中指定lazy="false",默认是"proxy"。如下效果:
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Hibernate: select order0_.id as id1_1_0_, order0_.orderNumber as orderNum2_1_0_, order0_.customer_id as customer3_1_0_ from hibernate.order order0_ where order0_.id=?
Hibernate: select customer0_.id as id1_0_0_, customer0_.name as name2_0_0_, customer0_.email as email3_0_0_, customer0_.registeredTime as register4_0_0_ from hibernate.customer customer0_ where customer0_.id=?
第二个订单
校长
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先把所有信息都查出来,然后供使用。目前lazy的取值有三个,false、proxy、no-proxy。false代表:查询Order信息时,立马把Customer的信息查出来,此时order.getCustomer()就是一个Customer对象。proxy代表:查询Order信息时,并不会去查询Customer信息,只有当你用到order的Customer时才会去查询,此时order.getCustomer()返回的是一个代理对象。no-proxy:目前的效果和proxy一样,这一块我还需要继续研究。
然后来说说形式2:Customer拥有Order的集合
其中Order类为:
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public class Order {
private Long id;
private String orderNumber;
//略get、set方法
}
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Order对应的映射文件为:
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< hibernate-mapping >
< class name = "com.ligang.domain.Order" table = "order" >
< id name = "id" column = "id" type = "long" >
< generator class = "identity" />
</ id >
< property name = "orderNumber" column = "orderNumber" type = "string" />
</ class >
</ hibernate-mapping >
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Customer对应的类为:
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public class Customer {
private Long id;
private String name;
private String email;
private Timestamp registeredTime;
private Set<Order> orders;
//略get、set方法
}
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Customer对应的映射文件为:
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< hibernate-mapping >
< class name = "com.ligang.domain.Customer" table = "customer" >
< id name = "id" column = "id" type = "long" >
< generator class = "identity" />
</ id >
< property name = "name" column = "name" type = "string" />
< property name = "email" column = "email" type = "string" />
< property name = "registeredTime" column = "registeredTime" type = "timestamp" />
< set name = "orders" cascade = "save-update" >
< key column = "customer_id" />
< one-to-many class = "com.ligang.domain.Order" />
</ set >
</ class >
</ hibernate-mapping >
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形式2的增添为:
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@Test
public void testAddCustomerInverse(){
Session session=hibernateDao.getSession();
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
Customer customer= new Customer();
customer.setName( "校长" );
customer.setEmail( "sdsd@qq.com" );
customer.setRegisteredTime(getCurrentTime());
Set<Order> orders= new HashSet<Order>();
Order order1= new Order();
order1.setOrderNumber( "第一个订单" );
Order order2= new Order();
order2.setOrderNumber( "第二个订单" );
orders.add(order1);
orders.add(order2);
customer.setOrders(orders);
session.save(customer);
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
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会产生如下sql语句:
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Hibernate: insert into hibernate.customer ( name , email, registeredTime) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber) values (?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber) values (?)
Hibernate: update hibernate. order set customer_id=? where id=?
Hibernate: update hibernate. order set customer_id=? where id=?
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当保存完Customer对象后,由于cascade="save-update"设置,会级联的保存Customer所包含的Order集合,但是此时的Order没有保存customer_id属性,在事务提交前,才会去检查和更新Order的customer_id属性,这个关系是有Customer维护的,当Customer的映射文件中<set>标签的inverse="true"时,即Customer放弃维护这个关系时,此时就只有三个insert语句了:
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Hibernate: insert into hibernate.customer ( name , email, registeredTime) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber) values (?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber) values (?)
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此时的数据就会不完整了,所以inverse必须为true,由Customer去维护关系,此时又会造成多出两个update语句,无法消除,所以一般不采用形式2,关联关系尽量由many的一方来维护。
对于形式2的查询,可以从Customer去查到它所包含的Order,但是从Order就查不到它所在的Customer,只能手写sql去查出customer_id的值,然后查出对应的Customer,所以更不会采用形式2了。
说完了形式2,来说说形式3:Order拥有一个Customer引用,同时Customer拥有Order集合
若仍想使用上述的数据库的表结构,即order表中含有一个customer_id信息。则映射文件的配置要做相应的修改。
对于Customer类:
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public class Customer {
private Long id;
private String name;
private String email;
private Timestamp registeredTime;
private List<Order> orders;
//略get、set方法
}
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对于Customer的映射文件:
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<? xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8" ?>
<! DOCTYPE hibernate-mapping PUBLIC
"-//Hibernate/Hibernate Mapping DTD 3.0//EN"
"http://hibernate.sourceforge.net/hibernate-mapping-3.0.dtd" >
< hibernate-mapping >
< class name = "com.ligang.domain.Customer" table = "customer" >
< id name = "id" column = "id" type = "long" >
< generator class = "identity" />
</ id >
< property name = "name" column = "name" type = "string" />
< property name = "email" column = "email" type = "string" />
< property name = "registeredTime" column = "registeredTime" type = "timestamp" />
< list name = "orders" cascade = "save-update" >
< key column = "customer_id" />
< list-index base = "0" column = "list_index" />
< one-to-many class = "com.ligang.domain.Order" />
</ list >
</ class >
</ hibernate-mapping >
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比之前多加了一个list,这里有一个无法理解的地方。对于List,是虽说是有序的,但是有时候我并不看重这个顺序,而它这里强制性加上了一个<list-index>标签或者<index>标签,不然就报错,这个标签的作用就是对于Customer的List<Order>集合从base开始编号,然后把这个编号强制到数据库order表中的column="list_index"指定的字段上,也就是说,数据库的Order表必须多余的添加一个list_index字段用来存储编号。我无法忍受这样的强制性,各种各样的需求在很多情况下都存在的,不要以为你认为有几种情况就只有几种情况。为了不需要这样的字段,我们只能使用Set,这就必须要求Customer中不是List<Order>而是Set<Order>。所以这一块,我无法理解,还希望知道的网友帮我解答这个疑问。
对于Order没有变化和上面的一样。
测试添加:
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@Test
public void testTwoRelation(){
Session session=hibernateDao.getSession();
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
Customer customer= new Customer();
customer.setName( "校长" );
customer.setEmail( "sdsd@qq.com" );
customer.setRegisteredTime(getCurrentTime());
List<Order> orders= new ArrayList<Order>();
Order order1= new Order();
order1.setOrderNumber( "第一个订单" );
Order order2= new Order();
order2.setOrderNumber( "第二个订单" );
orders.add(order1);
orders.add(order2);
customer.setOrders(orders);
session.save(customer);
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
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会看到如下的sql语句:
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Hibernate: insert into hibernate.customer ( name , email, registeredTime) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: update hibernate. order set customer_id=?, list_index=? where id=?
Hibernate: update hibernate. order set customer_id=?, list_index=? where id=?
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为什么会有两个update语句呢?
还是因为那个list-index标签要存储编号到order的list_index字段上。
这里我就更该List为Set,同时还要重写Order类的equals和hashcode方法,要满足orderNumber和customer_id都一致时视为重复,为什么这样做可以看我的之前的一篇专门讲述这个事情的文章(http://lgbolgger.iteye.com/blog/2115446)。
更该为set后又产生了一个新的问题,上述sql语句中insert into hibernate.order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)其中customer_id是有值的,但是更该为Set后就变成null,导致后来又补上两个update语句把customer_id值补上去了。
如下sql:
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Hibernate: insert into hibernate.customer ( name , email, registeredTime) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: update hibernate. order set customer_id=? where id=?
Hibernate: update hibernate. order set customer_id=? where id=?
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越来越感觉挺简单的东西让hibernate搞的逻辑更加复杂了。这时候就需要这样做了,建立两者的双重关联,并且在配置文件中让one方放弃维护两者关系,在set标签中使用inverse="true"。即在Customer.hbm.xml中如下更该:
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< hibernate-mapping >
< class name = "com.ligang.domain.Customer" table = "customer" >
< id name = "id" column = "id" type = "long" >
< generator class = "identity" />
</ id >
< property name = "name" column = "name" type = "string" />
< property name = "email" column = "email" type = "string" />
< property name = "registeredTime" column = "registeredTime" type = "timestamp" />
< set name = "orders" cascade = "save-update" inverse = "true" >
< key column = "customer_id" />
< one-to-many class = "com.ligang.domain.Order" />
</ set >
</ class >
</ hibernate-mapping >
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在代码中需要建立双重关系,如下:
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@Test
public void testTwoRelation(){
Session session=hibernateDao.getSession();
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
Customer customer= new Customer();
customer.setName( "校长" );
customer.setEmail( "sdsd@qq.com" );
customer.setRegisteredTime(getCurrentTime());
Set<Order> orders= new HashSet<Order>();
Order order1= new Order();
order1.setCustomer(customer);
order1.setOrderNumber( "第一个订单" );
Order order2= new Order();
order2.setCustomer(customer);
order2.setOrderNumber( "第二个订单" );
orders.add(order1);
orders.add(order2);
customer.setOrders(orders);
session.save(customer);
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
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此时,一切就正常了,只有三个insert语句,如下:
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Hibernate: insert into hibernate.customer ( name , email, registeredTime) values (?, ?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
Hibernate: insert into hibernate. order (orderNumber, customer_id) values (?, ?)
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对于形式3的查询,从Customer查Order:
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@Test
public void testGetTwoRelation(){
Session session=hibernateDao.getSession();
Transaction tx=session.beginTransaction();
Customer customer=(Customer)session.get(Customer. class ,48L);
System.out.println(customer.getName());
for (Order order:customer.getOrders()){
System.out.println(order.getOrderNumber());
}
tx.commit();
session.close();
}
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此时也可以通过设定Customer.hbm.xml中set标签的lazy="false",来提前查询Order,默认是用到Order时才会去查询。
从Order到Customer的查询也是类似的。
时间: 2024-11-08 22:34:16