文字绘制主要包括编码转换(主要是中文)、字形解析(点线或image)和实际渲染三个步骤。在这个过程中,字形解析和实际渲染均是耗时步骤。Skia对文字解析的结果做了一套缓存机制。在中文字较多,使用多种字体,绘制的样式(粗/斜体)有变化时,这个缓存会变得很大,因此Skia文字缓存做了内存上的限制。
1、SkPaint
文字绘制与SkPaint的属性相关很大,先回头看下SkPaint相关的属性
class SkPaint { private SkTypeface* fTypeface;//字体 SkPathEffect* fPathEffect;//路径绘制效果 SkShader* fShader;//取色器 SkXfermode* fXfermode;//混合模式,类似OpenGL里面的Blend设置 SkColorFilter* fColorFilter;//图像绘制时,自定义图像采样函数时使用 SkMaskFilter* fMaskFilter;//路径绘制时,按有无像素做进一步自定义改进处理时使用 SkRasterizer* fRasterizer;//路径绘制时自定义生成像素点的算法时使用 SkDrawLooper* fLooper;//循环绘制,SkCanvas里面的第二重循环,一般不用关注 SkImageFilter* fImageFilter;//SkCanvas的第一重循环,绘制后做后处理用,一般不用关注 SkAnnotation* fAnnotation;//暂时没用到的属性 SkScalar fTextSize;//文字大小 SkScalar fTextScaleX;//文字水平方向上的拉伸,仅用于PDF绘制 SkScalar fTextSkewX;//文字横向扭曲度,仅用于PDF绘制 SkColor fColor;//纯色,在fShader为空时使用 SkScalar fWidth;//带边界时(kStroke_Style/kStrokeAndFill_Style)生效,边界的宽度 SkScalar fMiterLimit;//drawPath时,连接各个path片断时,要求的圆滑连接阈值,Join 类型为默认的kMiter_Join时无效 /*一组不超过32位的属性*/ union { struct { // all of these bitfields should add up to 32 unsigned fFlags : 16;//包含所有的0/1二值属性: /* kAntiAlias_Flag = 0x01,//是否抗锯齿 kDither_Flag = 0x04,//是否做抖动处理 kUnderlineText_Flag = 0x08,//是否绘制文字下划线 kStrikeThruText_Flag = 0x10,//目前未看到其作用 kFakeBoldText_Flag = 0x20, kLinearText_Flag = 0x40, kSubpixelText_Flag = 0x80,//文字像素精确采样 kDevKernText_Flag = 0x100 kLCDRenderText_Flag = 0x200 kEmbeddedBitmapText_Flag = 0x400, kAutoHinting_Flag = 0x800, kVerticalText_Flag = 0x1000,//是否竖向绘制文字 kGenA8FromLCD_Flag = 0x2000, kDistanceFieldTextTEMP_Flag = 0x4000, kAllFlags = 0xFFFF */ unsigned fTextAlign : 2;//文字对齐方式,取值如下: /* enum Align { kLeft_Align,//左对齐 kCenter_Align,//居中 kRight_Align,//右对齐 }; */ unsigned fCapType : 2;//边界连接类型,分无连接,圆角连接,半方形连接 unsigned fJoinType : 2;//Path片断连接类型 unsigned fStyle : 2;//绘制模式,填充边界/区域 /* enum Style { kFill_Style, //填充区域 kStroke_Style,//绘制边界 kStrokeAndFill_Style,//填充区域并绘制边界 }; */ unsigned fTextEncoding : 2;//文字编码格式,支持如下几种 enum TextEncoding { kUTF8_TextEncoding,//utf-8,默认格式 kUTF16_TextEncoding, kUTF32_TextEncoding, kGlyphID_TextEncoding }; unsigned fHinting : 2; unsigned fFilterLevel : 2;//在图像绘制时提到的采样质量要求 //unsigned fFreeBits : 2; }; uint32_t fBitfields; }; uint32_t fDirtyBits;//记录哪些属性被改变了,以便更新相关的缓存 };
2、字体绘制基本流程
SkCanvas
绘制文字和下划线
SkDraw
两种绘制方式:
(1)将文字解析为路径,然后绘制路径,缓存路径(drawText_asPaths)。
void SkDraw::drawText_asPaths(const char text[], size_t byteLength, SkScalar x, SkScalar y, const SkPaint& paint) const { SkDEBUGCODE(this->validate();) SkTextToPathIter iter(text, byteLength, paint, true); SkMatrix matrix; matrix.setScale(iter.getPathScale(), iter.getPathScale()); matrix.postTranslate(x, y); const SkPath* iterPath; SkScalar xpos, prevXPos = 0; while (iter.next(&iterPath, &xpos)) { matrix.postTranslate(xpos - prevXPos, 0); if (iterPath) { const SkPaint& pnt = iter.getPaint(); if (fDevice) { fDevice->drawPath(*this, *iterPath, pnt, &matrix, false); } else { this->drawPath(*iterPath, pnt, &matrix, false); } } prevXPos = xpos; } }
(2)将文字解析为Mask(32*32的A8图片),然后绘制模板,缓存模板。
SkDrawCacheProc glyphCacheProc = paint.getDrawCacheProc(); SkAutoGlyphCache autoCache(paint, &fDevice->fLeakyProperties, fMatrix); SkGlyphCache* cache = autoCache.getCache(); // transform our starting point { SkPoint loc; fMatrix->mapXY(x, y, &loc); x = loc.fX; y = loc.fY; } // need to measure first if (paint.getTextAlign() != SkPaint::kLeft_Align) { SkVector stop; measure_text(cache, glyphCacheProc, text, byteLength, &stop); SkScalar stopX = stop.fX; SkScalar stopY = stop.fY; if (paint.getTextAlign() == SkPaint::kCenter_Align) { stopX = SkScalarHalf(stopX); stopY = SkScalarHalf(stopY); } x -= stopX; y -= stopY; } const char* stop = text + byteLength; SkAAClipBlitter aaBlitter; SkAutoBlitterChoose blitterChooser; SkBlitter* blitter = NULL; if (needsRasterTextBlit(*this)) { blitterChooser.choose(*fBitmap, *fMatrix, paint); blitter = blitterChooser.get(); if (fRC->isAA()) { aaBlitter.init(blitter, &fRC->aaRgn()); blitter = &aaBlitter; } } SkAutoKern autokern; SkDraw1Glyph d1g; SkDraw1Glyph::Proc proc = d1g.init(this, blitter, cache, paint); SkFixed fxMask = ~0; SkFixed fyMask = ~0; if (cache->isSubpixel()) { SkAxisAlignment baseline = SkComputeAxisAlignmentForHText(*fMatrix); if (kX_SkAxisAlignment == baseline) { fyMask = 0; d1g.fHalfSampleY = SK_FixedHalf; } else if (kY_SkAxisAlignment == baseline) { fxMask = 0; d1g.fHalfSampleX = SK_FixedHalf; } } SkFixed fx = SkScalarToFixed(x) + d1g.fHalfSampleX; SkFixed fy = SkScalarToFixed(y) + d1g.fHalfSampleY; while (text < stop) { const SkGlyph& glyph = glyphCacheProc(cache, &text, fx & fxMask, fy & fyMask); fx += autokern.adjust(glyph); if (glyph.fWidth) { proc(d1g, fx, fy, glyph); } fx += glyph.fAdvanceX; fy += glyph.fAdvanceY; }
cacheProc是翻译字符编码的函数,由SkPaint::getDrawCacheProc产生:
SkDrawCacheProc SkPaint::getDrawCacheProc() const { static const SkDrawCacheProc gDrawCacheProcs[] = { sk_getMetrics_utf8_00, sk_getMetrics_utf16_00, sk_getMetrics_utf32_00, sk_getMetrics_glyph_00, sk_getMetrics_utf8_xy, sk_getMetrics_utf16_xy, sk_getMetrics_utf32_xy, sk_getMetrics_glyph_xy }; unsigned index = this->getTextEncoding(); if (fFlags & kSubpixelText_Flag) { index += 4; } SkASSERT(index < SK_ARRAY_COUNT(gDrawCacheProcs)); return gDrawCacheProcs[index]; }
SkGlyphCache:
字形解析的结果缓存。
SkScalerContext:
负责字形的解析,有多种实现。Android中是用FreeType:SkScalerContext_FreeType。主要是generateImage和generatePath两个方法:
generateImage:
void SkScalerContext_FreeType::generateImage(const SkGlyph& glyph) { SkAutoMutexAcquire ac(gFTMutex); FT_Error err; if (this->setupSize()) { goto ERROR; } err = FT_Load_Glyph( fFace, glyph.getGlyphID(fBaseGlyphCount), fLoadGlyphFlags); if (err != 0) { SkDEBUGF(("SkScalerContext_FreeType::generateImage: FT_Load_Glyph(glyph:%d width:%d height:%d rb:%d flags:%d) returned 0x%x\n", glyph.getGlyphID(fBaseGlyphCount), glyph.fWidth, glyph.fHeight, glyph.rowBytes(), fLoadGlyphFlags, err)); ERROR: memset(glyph.fImage, 0, glyph.rowBytes() * glyph.fHeight); return; } emboldenIfNeeded(fFace, fFace->glyph); generateGlyphImage(fFace, glyph); } void SkScalerContext_FreeType_Base::generateGlyphImage(FT_Face face, const SkGlyph& glyph) { const bool doBGR = SkToBool(fRec.fFlags & SkScalerContext::kLCD_BGROrder_Flag); const bool doVert = SkToBool(fRec.fFlags & SkScalerContext::kLCD_Vertical_Flag); switch ( face->glyph->format ) { case FT_GLYPH_FORMAT_OUTLINE: { FT_Outline* outline = &face->glyph->outline; FT_BBox bbox; FT_Bitmap target; int dx = 0, dy = 0; if (fRec.fFlags & SkScalerContext::kSubpixelPositioning_Flag) { dx = SkFixedToFDot6(glyph.getSubXFixed()); dy = SkFixedToFDot6(glyph.getSubYFixed()); // negate dy since freetype-y-goes-up and skia-y-goes-down dy = -dy; } FT_Outline_Get_CBox(outline, &bbox); /* what we really want to do for subpixel is offset(dx, dy) compute_bounds offset(bbox & !63) but that is two calls to offset, so we do the following, which achieves the same thing with only one offset call. */ FT_Outline_Translate(outline, dx - ((bbox.xMin + dx) & ~63), dy - ((bbox.yMin + dy) & ~63)); if (SkMask::kLCD16_Format == glyph.fMaskFormat) { FT_Render_Glyph(face->glyph, doVert ? FT_RENDER_MODE_LCD_V : FT_RENDER_MODE_LCD); SkMask mask; glyph.toMask(&mask); if (fPreBlend.isApplicable()) { copyFT2LCD16<true>(face->glyph->bitmap, mask, doBGR, fPreBlend.fR, fPreBlend.fG, fPreBlend.fB); } else { copyFT2LCD16<false>(face->glyph->bitmap, mask, doBGR, fPreBlend.fR, fPreBlend.fG, fPreBlend.fB); } } else { target.width = glyph.fWidth; target.rows = glyph.fHeight; target.pitch = glyph.rowBytes(); target.buffer = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(glyph.fImage); target.pixel_mode = compute_pixel_mode( (SkMask::Format)fRec.fMaskFormat); target.num_grays = 256; memset(glyph.fImage, 0, glyph.rowBytes() * glyph.fHeight); FT_Outline_Get_Bitmap(face->glyph->library, outline, &target); } } break; case FT_GLYPH_FORMAT_BITMAP: { FT_Pixel_Mode pixel_mode = static_cast<FT_Pixel_Mode>(face->glyph->bitmap.pixel_mode); SkMask::Format maskFormat = static_cast<SkMask::Format>(glyph.fMaskFormat); // Assume that the other formats do not exist. SkASSERT(FT_PIXEL_MODE_MONO == pixel_mode || FT_PIXEL_MODE_GRAY == pixel_mode || FT_PIXEL_MODE_BGRA == pixel_mode); // These are the only formats this ScalerContext should request. SkASSERT(SkMask::kBW_Format == maskFormat || SkMask::kA8_Format == maskFormat || SkMask::kARGB32_Format == maskFormat || SkMask::kLCD16_Format == maskFormat); if (fRec.fFlags & SkScalerContext::kEmbolden_Flag && !(face->style_flags & FT_STYLE_FLAG_BOLD)) { FT_GlyphSlot_Own_Bitmap(face->glyph); FT_Bitmap_Embolden(face->glyph->library, &face->glyph->bitmap, kBitmapEmboldenStrength, 0); } // If no scaling needed, directly copy glyph bitmap. if (glyph.fWidth == face->glyph->bitmap.width && glyph.fHeight == face->glyph->bitmap.rows && glyph.fTop == -face->glyph->bitmap_top && glyph.fLeft == face->glyph->bitmap_left) { SkMask dstMask; glyph.toMask(&dstMask); copyFTBitmap(face->glyph->bitmap, dstMask); break; } // Otherwise, scale the bitmap. // Copy the FT_Bitmap into an SkBitmap (either A8 or ARGB) SkBitmap unscaledBitmap; unscaledBitmap.allocPixels(SkImageInfo::Make(face->glyph->bitmap.width, face->glyph->bitmap.rows, SkColorType_for_FTPixelMode(pixel_mode), kPremul_SkAlphaType)); SkMask unscaledBitmapAlias; unscaledBitmapAlias.fImage = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(unscaledBitmap.getPixels()); unscaledBitmapAlias.fBounds.set(0, 0, unscaledBitmap.width(), unscaledBitmap.height()); unscaledBitmapAlias.fRowBytes = unscaledBitmap.rowBytes(); unscaledBitmapAlias.fFormat = SkMaskFormat_for_SkColorType(unscaledBitmap.colorType()); copyFTBitmap(face->glyph->bitmap, unscaledBitmapAlias); // Wrap the glyph's mask in a bitmap, unless the glyph's mask is BW or LCD. // BW requires an A8 target for resizing, which can then be down sampled. // LCD should use a 4x A8 target, which will then be down sampled. // For simplicity, LCD uses A8 and is replicated. int bitmapRowBytes = 0; if (SkMask::kBW_Format != maskFormat && SkMask::kLCD16_Format != maskFormat) { bitmapRowBytes = glyph.rowBytes(); } SkBitmap dstBitmap; dstBitmap.setInfo(SkImageInfo::Make(glyph.fWidth, glyph.fHeight, SkColorType_for_SkMaskFormat(maskFormat), kPremul_SkAlphaType), bitmapRowBytes); if (SkMask::kBW_Format == maskFormat || SkMask::kLCD16_Format == maskFormat) { dstBitmap.allocPixels(); } else { dstBitmap.setPixels(glyph.fImage); } // Scale unscaledBitmap into dstBitmap. SkCanvas canvas(dstBitmap); canvas.clear(SK_ColorTRANSPARENT); canvas.scale(SkIntToScalar(glyph.fWidth) / SkIntToScalar(face->glyph->bitmap.width), SkIntToScalar(glyph.fHeight) / SkIntToScalar(face->glyph->bitmap.rows)); SkPaint paint; paint.setFilterLevel(SkPaint::kMedium_FilterLevel); canvas.drawBitmap(unscaledBitmap, 0, 0, &paint); // If the destination is BW or LCD, convert from A8. if (SkMask::kBW_Format == maskFormat) { // Copy the A8 dstBitmap into the A1 glyph.fImage. SkMask dstMask; glyph.toMask(&dstMask); packA8ToA1(dstMask, dstBitmap.getAddr8(0, 0), dstBitmap.rowBytes()); } else if (SkMask::kLCD16_Format == maskFormat) { // Copy the A8 dstBitmap into the LCD16 glyph.fImage. uint8_t* src = dstBitmap.getAddr8(0, 0); uint16_t* dst = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(glyph.fImage); for (int y = dstBitmap.height(); y --> 0;) { for (int x = 0; x < dstBitmap.width(); ++x) { dst[x] = grayToRGB16(src[x]); } dst = (uint16_t*)((char*)dst + glyph.rowBytes()); src += dstBitmap.rowBytes(); } } } break; default: SkDEBUGFAIL("unknown glyph format"); memset(glyph.fImage, 0, glyph.rowBytes() * glyph.fHeight); return; } // We used to always do this pre-USE_COLOR_LUMINANCE, but with colorlum, // it is optional #if defined(SK_GAMMA_APPLY_TO_A8) if (SkMask::kA8_Format == glyph.fMaskFormat && fPreBlend.isApplicable()) { uint8_t* SK_RESTRICT dst = (uint8_t*)glyph.fImage; unsigned rowBytes = glyph.rowBytes(); for (int y = glyph.fHeight - 1; y >= 0; --y) { for (int x = glyph.fWidth - 1; x >= 0; --x) { dst[x] = fPreBlend.fG[dst[x]]; } dst += rowBytes; } } #endif }
generatePath:
void SkScalerContext_FreeType::generatePath(const SkGlyph& glyph, SkPath* path) { SkAutoMutexAcquire ac(gFTMutex); SkASSERT(&glyph && path); if (this->setupSize()) { path->reset(); return; } uint32_t flags = fLoadGlyphFlags; flags |= FT_LOAD_NO_BITMAP; // ignore embedded bitmaps so we're sure to get the outline flags &= ~FT_LOAD_RENDER; // don't scan convert (we just want the outline) FT_Error err = FT_Load_Glyph( fFace, glyph.getGlyphID(fBaseGlyphCount), flags); if (err != 0) { SkDEBUGF(("SkScalerContext_FreeType::generatePath: FT_Load_Glyph(glyph:%d flags:%d) returned 0x%x\n", glyph.getGlyphID(fBaseGlyphCount), flags, err)); path->reset(); return; } emboldenIfNeeded(fFace, fFace->glyph); generateGlyphPath(fFace, path); // The path's origin from FreeType is always the horizontal layout origin. // Offset the path so that it is relative to the vertical origin if needed. if (fRec.fFlags & SkScalerContext::kVertical_Flag) { FT_Vector vector; vector.x = fFace->glyph->metrics.vertBearingX - fFace->glyph->metrics.horiBearingX; vector.y = -fFace->glyph->metrics.vertBearingY - fFace->glyph->metrics.horiBearingY; FT_Vector_Transform(&vector, &fMatrix22); path->offset(SkFDot6ToScalar(vector.x), -SkFDot6ToScalar(vector.y)); } }
3、字体缓存管理
SkTypeface是Skia中的字体类,对应可有多种字体库解析实现。
由于Android上面使用的是FreeType,因此也只讲FreeType分支。
FreeType的使用方法可参考:http://blog.csdn.net/furtherchan/article/details/8667884
字体建立的代码如下:
SkTypeface* SkTypeface::CreateFromStream(SkStream* stream) { return SkFontHost::CreateTypefaceFromStream(stream); } bool find_name_and_attributes(SkStream* stream, SkString* name, SkTypeface::Style* style, bool* isFixedPitch) { FT_Library library; if (FT_Init_FreeType(&library)) { return false; } FT_Open_Args args; memset(&args, 0, sizeof(args)); const void* memoryBase = stream->getMemoryBase(); FT_StreamRec streamRec; if (NULL != memoryBase) { args.flags = FT_OPEN_MEMORY; args.memory_base = (const FT_Byte*)memoryBase; args.memory_size = stream->getLength(); } else { memset(&streamRec, 0, sizeof(streamRec)); streamRec.size = stream->getLength(); streamRec.descriptor.pointer = stream; streamRec.read = sk_stream_read; streamRec.close = sk_stream_close; args.flags = FT_OPEN_STREAM; args.stream = &streamRec; } FT_Face face; if (FT_Open_Face(library, &args, 0, &face)) { FT_Done_FreeType(library); return false; } int tempStyle = SkTypeface::kNormal; if (face->style_flags & FT_STYLE_FLAG_BOLD) { tempStyle |= SkTypeface::kBold; } if (face->style_flags & FT_STYLE_FLAG_ITALIC) { tempStyle |= SkTypeface::kItalic; } if (name) { name->set(face->family_name); } if (style) { *style = (SkTypeface::Style) tempStyle; } if (isFixedPitch) { *isFixedPitch = FT_IS_FIXED_WIDTH(face); } FT_Done_Face(face); FT_Done_FreeType(library); return true; }
对于Android,在系统初始化时,所有字体文件在预加载时即被解析,包装为SkFaceRec,存为一个全局链表。(frameworks/base/graphic 和 frameworks/base/core/jni目录下面的代码)
public class Typeface { /* ....... */ private static void init() { // Load font config and initialize Minikin state File systemFontConfigLocation = getSystemFontConfigLocation(); File configFilename = new File(systemFontConfigLocation, FONTS_CONFIG); try { FileInputStream fontsIn = new FileInputStream(configFilename); FontListParser.Config fontConfig = FontListParser.parse(fontsIn); List<FontFamily> familyList = new ArrayList<FontFamily>(); // Note that the default typeface is always present in the fallback list; // this is an enhancement from pre-Minikin behavior. for (int i = 0; i < fontConfig.families.size(); i++) { Family f = fontConfig.families.get(i); if (i == 0 || f.name == null) { familyList.add(makeFamilyFromParsed(f)); } } sFallbackFonts = familyList.toArray(new FontFamily[familyList.size()]); setDefault(Typeface.createFromFamilies(sFallbackFonts)); Map<String, Typeface> systemFonts = new HashMap<String, Typeface>(); for (int i = 0; i < fontConfig.families.size(); i++) { Typeface typeface; Family f = fontConfig.families.get(i); if (f.name != null) { if (i == 0) { // The first entry is the default typeface; no sense in // duplicating the corresponding FontFamily. typeface = sDefaultTypeface; } else { FontFamily fontFamily = makeFamilyFromParsed(f); FontFamily[] families = { fontFamily }; typeface = Typeface.createFromFamiliesWithDefault(families); } systemFonts.put(f.name, typeface); } } for (FontListParser.Alias alias : fontConfig.aliases) { Typeface base = systemFonts.get(alias.toName); Typeface newFace = base; int weight = alias.weight; if (weight != 400) { newFace = new Typeface(nativeCreateWeightAlias(base.native_instance, weight)); } systemFonts.put(alias.name, newFace); } sSystemFontMap = systemFonts; } catch (RuntimeException e) { Log.w(TAG, "Didn't create default family (most likely, non-Minikin build)", e); // TODO: normal in non-Minikin case, remove or make error when Minikin-only } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Error opening " + configFilename); } catch (IOException e) { Log.e(TAG, "Error reading " + configFilename); } catch (XmlPullParserException e) { Log.e(TAG, "XML parse exception for " + configFilename); } } static { init(); // Set up defaults and typefaces exposed in public API DEFAULT = create((String) null, 0); DEFAULT_BOLD = create((String) null, Typeface.BOLD); SANS_SERIF = create("sans-serif", 0); SERIF = create("serif", 0); MONOSPACE = create("monospace", 0); sDefaults = new Typeface[] { DEFAULT, DEFAULT_BOLD, create((String) null, Typeface.ITALIC), create((String) null, Typeface.BOLD_ITALIC), }; } /* ...... */ }
SkTypeface 记录一个字体的id,在使用时,到链表中查出相关的字体。
对一个字体和样式,建一个 SkGlyphCache缓存,内含一个 SkScalerContext 和一个 SkGlyph 的哈希表,SkGlyph 缓存一个字体中一个字解析出来的位图。此有内存容量限制,当超过容量时,会清除之前缓存的位图。Hash冲突时,直接生成新字形替换原来的字形。
缓存限制的内存宏详见:src/core/SkGlyphCache_Globals.h。和include/core/SkUserConfig.h中的SK_DEFAULT_FONT_CACHE_LIMIT宏
struct SkGlyph { void* fImage; SkPath* fPath; SkFixed fAdvanceX, fAdvanceY; uint32_t fID; uint16_t fWidth, fHeight; int16_t fTop, fLeft; void* fDistanceField; uint8_t fMaskFormat; int8_t fRsbDelta, fLsbDelta; // used by auto-kerning };
当绘制字体只绘边界或者位图缓存机制不好处理时,将字体解析成点线,构成SkPath,也做缓存。